十八世纪意大利的主权性论战:管辖权之争

The Controversy of Sovereignty in 18thCentury Italy:the Dispute of Jurisdiction

18世纪意大利主权性论战,是与欧洲理性主义和启蒙思想相并存的政治话语,不同于阿尔卑斯山以北欧洲地区的"主权"话语,意大利半岛的改革和论战呈现出"宗教-政治"特征,它与东方的"中国礼仪之争"共同构成了罗马教皇国扩张背景中的主权性叙事。意大利半岛"主权性"辩论是由受到启蒙运动影响、并在意大利完成范式转换的詹森主义者和其他君主主义者共同进行的,它是一个半岛内天主教启蒙和君主国家形态重塑的政治改革和思潮,具有"政治—宗教"特征。该论战,表现为"管辖权之争"的形态,即教廷对世俗统治的"篡权论"、君主的教会管辖权和世俗事务管辖权、教皇国的领土及主张的非法性等"反罗马"议题,充斥了整个18世纪,而罗马教廷方面则以"彼得教义"为核心进行了分别回应。该论战并非一个号召和修辞,而是对半岛各国的改革和君主政制重塑进程的响应和辩护。在一元化意大利意识形态中,"管辖权"范式既使辩论者们免于异端化指控,同时也使其主张局限于此。该主权性辩论和主权回归进程,不仅为意大利统一提供了意识形态准备,而且也为延宕至今的中梵(中国——教皇国)关系提供了历史镜鉴。

The controversy of Italian sovereignty in the 18^(th) century is a pre-modern political discourse coexisting with European rationalism and enlightenment.Different from the"sovereignty"discourse in Europe north of the Alps,the reform and debate in the Italian peninsula show the characteristics of"religion politics",It,together with the"Chinese Rites Controversy"in the East,constitutes the sovereign narrative in the background of papacy expansion.The debate on the"sovereignty"of the Italian peninsula was jointly carried out by the Jansenist and other monarchists who were influenced by the enlightenment and completed the paradigm transformation in Italy.It is a political reform and ideological trend of the"politics-religion"model of Catholic enlightenment and monarchy reconstruction in the peninsula.The controversy,which is manifested in the form of"jurisdiction dispute",namely the"usurpation theory"of the Vatican over secular rule,the monarch’s jurisdiction over church and secular affairs,the territory of the Papal State and the illegality of its claims,filled the whole 18;century,while the Vatican responded separately with"Peter doctrine"as the core.The debate is not a call and rhetoric,but a response and defense in the process of reform and monarchy reconstruction of countries in the peninsula.In the unified Italian ideology,the"jurisdiction"paradigm not only protects the debaters from heterodox accusations,but also limits their claims within it.The sovereignty debate and the process of sovereignty return not only provide ideological preparation for the unification of Italy,but also provide a historical mirror for the delayed Sino-Vatican relations.