零工经济“自由”与“依附”的劳资关系生成根源探析--马克思劳动关系从属理论的启示

Analysis of the Origin of Labor-Capital Relations of“Freedom”and“Dependence”in the Gig Economy--Enlightenment of Marx’s Subordination Theory of Labor Relations

零工劳动中,以平台模块化用工和弹性雇佣为主要特征的关系模式客观上给劳动者带来了自由空间,但与此同时,激励性工资带来的“赶工”游戏和多主体超视距监管又使得劳动者对平台的从属内在强化,劳动与资本间呈现出“自由”与“依附”二元矛盾并存的现象。文章从马克思主义的视角认为,导致这种现象存在的原因主要是生产资料的重要性及不同类型生产资料所有权的归属在零工经济时代发生变化。一方面,物质生产资料所有权的部分转移使得劳动者对平台的依赖在表面上有所减轻;另一方面,数据在平台的高度集中以及资本对数据的占有,又使得劳动者对平台的实际从属内在强化。劳动者合法权益的保护和健康规范用工生态的打造需多主体同频共振、多机制共同发力,以形成共治共享、和谐共促的劳动关系新格局。

In the gig economy,the relationship mode characterized by modular and flexible employment objectively brings freedom for workers,but at the same time,the"catch-up"game brought by incentive wages and multi-agent over-sight supervision makes workers'subordination to platforms inherently strengthened.The labor-capital relationship presents a dual contradiction characterized as"freedom"and"dependence".From the perspective of Marxism,this article argues that the main reason for this phenomenon is the change in the importance of the means of production and the ownership of different types of means of production in the era of gig economy.On the one hand,the partial transfer of ownership of the material means of production makes workers’reliance on the platform to a lesser extent.On the other hand,the high concentration of data on the platform and the possession of data by capital makes the actual subordination of workers to the platform intrinsically strengthened.Therefore,the protection of the basic rights and interests of workers and the creation of a healthy and standardized labor ecology require the joint efforts of multiple entities and mechanisms so as to form a new pattern of labor relations with shared governance and harmonious promotion.