古代汉语书面语在少数民族中的变体——以滇桂琼瑶族、苗族“读书音”为例

The Variation of Ancient Chinese Written Language in Ethnic Minority Languages:The Case of the Literary Phonologic Systems of the Yao People and the Miao People in Yunnan,Guangxi and Hainan

自古以来,南方部分少数民族学习汉字会使用一套与母语汉借词不同的“读书音”,可称其为古代汉语书面语的变体。与其他民族的汉字“读书音”相比,滇桂琼瑶族、苗族“读书音”特点是再分为经书、歌书两类,歌书音比经书音的年代略晚。文章以经书音为重点,比较滇桂琼三地音系语音特点的共性和差异。瑶族、苗族“读书音”并非单一来源,其保留全浊塞音塞擦音声母和经书、歌书异读等的特点与湘西南苗瑶平话近似,精-知庄章二分和阳声韵、入声韵大多保留的特点则与勾漏片粤语相同。另外,从海南屯昌庄章组依韵母洪细分流的特点可以确定,琼地“读书音”未受勾漏片粤语影响,而是与海南闽语相似。从瑶族蓝靛支系和海南苗族“读书音”现象可见,使用国家通用语言文字有助于各民族交流交融、共同发展进步,有利于铸牢中华民族共同体意识。

Since ancient times,ethnic minorities in southern China got used to learning Chinese characters by using a literary phonologic system different from that of the borrowed Chinese words,known as the variation of ancient Chinese written language.Compared with the literary phonologic systems of other ethnic minorities,the feature of the system of the Landian Yao people and the Hainan Miao people lies in the fact that classical scriptures and songbooks that appeared later have different pronunciations.With a focus on classical scriptures,this paper gives a comparison of the similarities and differences of three literary phonologic systems in Yunnan,Guangxi and Hainan respectively.There is more than one source for the literary phonologic systems of the Yao people and the Miao people.On one hand,the features that have retained voiced plosive and affricate initials as well as readings different from those in classical scriptures and songbooks are quite similar to the Ping dialect of the Yao people and the Miao people in southwest Hunan.On the other hand,the division of the Jing group and the ZhiZhuangZhang group,and the reserving of most nasal consonantal rhymes and plosive consonantal rhymes almost exactly resemble the Goulou Cantonese.In addition,the features of dividing two kinds of vowels,high/low initial vowels in the ZhuangZhang group,show that the literary phonologic system in Hainan is similar to the southern Fujian dialect used in Hainan with no influence from the Goulou Cantonese.The case of the literary phonologic systems of the Landian Yao people and the Hainan Miao people show clearly that the use of the national common language helps the exchanges and fusion of different ethnic groups as well as their shared progress and the enhancement of the consciousness of the community of the Chinese nation.