中国国民身份问题的再审视

A Reexamination of the Problems concerning the Identity of “National” in China

国民是由在“国”与“民”关系中形成的权利义务关系所塑造的社会政治身份,最早出现于欧洲民族国家构建的过程中,通过民族国家体制机制的构建而巩固和丰富,并随着民族国家体制在世界范围的广泛采纳而具有普遍性。中国近代形成现代国家议题后,国民概念被引入国内。辛亥革命开启现代国家构建以后,国民通过人口国民化而被塑造,逐渐成为取代臣民身份的新社会政治身份,并在现代国家构建中发挥了基础性的作用。新中国成立后,国民身份以一种隐蔽的方式存在了相当时间后又逐渐凸显。以长时段历史观察的眼光对国民身份问题进行梳理,挖掘其蕴涵的历史文化资源为国家的治理和发展服务,是今天学术研究的重要责任。

“National”was a socio-political identity formed in the relationship between right and obligation embodied in the relationship between“state”and“people”,which emerged early in the construction of a nation-sate in Europe and was consolidated and enriched in the system and mechanism of the nation-state,and finally has become popular together with the wide acceptance of the system of the nation-state in the world.When the topic of the modern state emerged in early modern China,the concept of“national”was introduced to China.After the construction of a modern state since the Revolution of 1911 in China,the“national”came into being through the formation of the national identity which gradually became a new socio-political identity replacing the previous identity of the subject of a feudal ruler and played a fundamental role in the construction of a modern state.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the identity of“national”was concealed for a long time before its emergence conspicuously.The study of the identity of“national”in a long historical perspective and the development of its rich historical and cultural resources for the state governance and development are the missions of today’s academic research.