跨性别运动员参加高水平体育比赛的科学思考

Scientific Considerations on Transgender Athletes Participating in Elite Sport Competitions

新西兰43岁变性运动员劳拉·哈伯德参加第32届夏季奥运会女子举重87 kg以上级比赛,成为全球首位由男性变为女性参加奥运会女子比赛的运动员。从1936年德国两性运动员多拉·拉特延参加女子跳高比赛,到2019年南非"生物学男性"运动员卡斯特尔·塞门亚被拒绝参加女子比赛,再到变性运动员劳拉·哈伯德,跨性别运动员参加女子体育比赛一直是学术届、媒体,特别是运动员普遍关注且备受争议的话题。在综述运动员性别检测与技术发展进程基础上,回顾两性运动员、变性运动员参加女子比赛重要事件,分析国际体育组织关于跨性别运动员参加女子比赛规则演变,重点讨论跨性别运动员参加女子体育比赛的人体形态生理学、伦理学、社会学等问题,提出跨性别运动员参加女子体育比赛未来走向。

In the 32 thSummer Olympic Games, the 43-year-old transgender athlete Laura Hubbard from New Zealand participated in the women’s +87 kg weightlifting, being the first transgender athlete from male to female participating in a women’s competition of the Olympics. It has long been a topic of great concern and controversy not only in academia and media, but also among athletes,ever since 1936 when German intersex athlete Dora Ratjan participated in the women’s high jump, and the year 2019 when the South African “biological male” athlete Caster Semenya was refused to participate in the women’s competition, until the time when the transgender athletes participated in women’s sports competitions. On the basis of reviewing the progress of athlete gender testing and technical development, this study reviewed the important events of intersex and transgender athletes participating in women’s competitions, analyzed the evolution of the international sports organization’s rules on transgender athletes participating in women’s competitions, focused on morphological, physiological, ethical, and social issues of transgender athletes participating in women’s sports competitions, and finally proposed the future trend of transgender athletes participating in women’s sports competitions.