假山优劣评价之探寻——传统园林叠山匠人方惠访谈录

A Discussion on the Aesthetic of Rockery——Interview with Rockery Craftsmen FANG Hui

假山优劣之评判多依据古今书籍观点及现存假山遗迹,缺少对当代叠山匠人实践及观点的参考,故对叠山匠人、江苏省非物质文化遗产传承人方惠进行特约访谈。访谈中,方惠以其亲身经验就石与山的区别、假山的功能、计成与张南垣的叠山特点、土石山的优势、绘画与叠山的关系、能主之人等若干问题发表看法,阐释其自创叠山方法"取阴",并提出了辨别假山好坏当首看叠山技法之基础——"拼整"的观点。其观点按学术评价标准评判兴许尚存瑕疵,但仍可作为未来假山优劣判别之考据。正如朱光亚先生评价所言:"方惠老师的理论源于反复实践,于困难中打磨提炼,虽尚存片面性,但真知灼见,传递的是最朴素的真理。"

The standard to judge rockery is mostly based on the views in books and existing rockery relics, while it lacks the reference of contemporary rockery craftsmen’s experience. Therefore, special interview was conducted with FANG Hui, the craftsman of rockery and the inheritor of intangible cultural heritage in Jiangsu Province. Based on his personal experience, FANG discussed the difference between stone and mountain, function of rockery, JI Cheng and ZHANG Nanyuan’s view on rockery, advantages of earth-rock rockery, the relationship between painting and rockery, the man who responsible for both design and construction. He explained his theory—"draw shadows" and put forward the point that sense of wholeness is the basic condition for first-class rockery. His opinions may be flawed according to academic evaluation standards, but it can be as a standard for judging rockery in the future. As ZHU Guangya commented, FANG’s theory originated from practice and refined in deep thinking. Although it’s not perfect, it is insightful and conveys the simplest truth.