18-21世纪环秀山庄植物配置、理法及构景演变

From the 18th Century to the 21th Century the Configuration, Design Principles and Composition Evolution of the Plant Landscape in Huanxiu Villa

环秀山庄因戈裕良叠山而带动学界对其假山的大量研究,而植景作为串联园中建筑、假山、水体的重要景观元素被忽略。研究以空间形态学视角结合史料法与实地考察法分析18-21世纪环秀山庄植物配置、理法及构景演变。山庄植物历经生老病枯、花木改植后其造景功能、品赏方式、赏景季节也发生改变,多数新栽花木被移至枯损植物原生处,补植时虽考虑到原有花木的植栽理法,但替换后的植物形态及生长特性使得植物景观空间构图不断演变。假山紫薇被黑松替换后形成的构景视域隐匿地扭转了原作为山背面的假山正南面的观景认知;补秋舫窗前及东北次假山上消失的两丛棕榈隐示着近代园内植景在品种选取上的革新及造园理念的转变;近代由桃、枣、木瓜围合的封闭性房山亭作为衔接游线空间、丰富游览空间感的关键,现今因桃、枣的消失而成为半开敞空间最终为游线终点。山庄的空间在山、水、建筑格局不变但却不断演变的植景中一再重编,改变着游观者对空间的感知与理解。植物生长与需维持其原貌的遗产保护准则互为悖论,山庄以假山保护为重点修剪植物的措施,反映了历史园林植物景观保护不仅需关注植物单体的生长,还需兼顾植物与假山之间的依存关系,启示了历史园林植物景观保护需依据不同园林遗产的保护侧重点而选择与之对应的保护策略。

Huanxiu Villa has driven a lot of research on its rockery because of GE Yuliang. Planting landscape, as an important landscape organization connecting the architecture, rockeries and water in the garden, has been ignored. This paper attempts to analyze the evolution of the plant configuration, design principle and scenery of Huanxiu Villa from the 18 th century to the 21 th century from the perspective of spatial morphology, combined with historical materials and field investigations. It’s discovered that the plants in the villa have undergone tremendous changes due to growth, aging, disease and death. After the replanting of the f lowers and trees, their landscaping functions, appreciation methods and viewing seasons have also changed. Although the original planting method of flowers and trees is taken into consideration when replacing, the replaced plant morphology and growth characteristics make the composition of the planting landscape continue to evolve. The view of the landscape formed by replacing the rockery crape myrtle with black pine hides the perception of the south side of the rockery that was originally on the back of the mountain. The two clusters of palms that disappeared in front of the window of Buqiufang and on the rockery in the northeast concealed the innovation in the selection of species and the change in the concept of gardening in modern gardens. In modern times, the enclosed Fangshan pavilion surrounded by peaches, jujubes and papaya is the key to connecting the travel route space and enriching the sense of travel space. Nowadays, due to the disappearance of peaches and jujubes, it has become a semi-open space and the end of the travel route. The space of the villa is repeatedly reorganized in the unchanging landscape of rockeries, water and architecture, but evolving landscape of plant, changing visitors’ perception and understanding of space. Plant growth and the heritage protection guidelines that need to maintain their original appearance are mutually inconsistent. The resort’s measures to protect the rockery and pruning plants reflect that the protection of historical garden plants not only pays attention to the growth of individual plants, but also needs to take into account the relationship between plants and rockeries. It is enlightened that the protection of historical garden plant landscape needs to choose corresponding protection strategies according to the protection focus of different garden heritages.