奉御董造与禁廷制样:两宋地方官窑执行的御用瓷设计制度

A System Supervised by the Emperor and a System of Court-made Style:The Imperial Porcelain Design System Implemented by Local Official Kilns in Song Dynasty

宋朝兴起的地方官窑为宫廷烧造御用瓷是官手工业发展的亮点之一,并逐步形成了两宋地方官窑执行的御用瓷设计制度,设计制度形成绝非偶然,它是宋朝强化皇权意志、器用制度与地方精湛制瓷工艺共同作用的结果。地方官窑主要执行有奉御董造制度、禁廷制样制度。体现的御用瓷设计制度特征十分明显:前期是指专门接受宫廷敕命,由专官管理,奉御烧造宫廷各种用瓷,有命则供,否则止;后期是指宫廷对御用瓷有专门的设计图式,特由礼部礼制局彩画制样后,向地方官窑降发图样烧造御用瓷。尤其是地方官窑执行的禁廷制样须索制度为明代御器厂和清代御窑厂所继承。

The local official kilns that emerged in the Song Dynasty were one of the highlights of the development of the official handicraft industry.It gradually formed the imperial porcelain design system implemented by the local official kilns in the Song Dynasty.The formation of the design system is by no means accidental,it is the result of the Song Dynasty’s strengthening of the imperial will,the system of utensils and the local exquisite porcelain craftsmanship.Local official kilns mainly implement two systems,one is a system supervised by the emperor,the other is a system of court-made style.The different characteristics of the two systems are very obvious.The early stage refers to the special acceptance of court orders and the management of special officials.The imperial ware is used to make all kinds of porcelain for the court,and it will be used if ordered,otherwise it will be discontinued.In the later period,it means that the palace has a special design pattern for imperial porcelain.After the color painting samples are made by the Ceremony Bureau of the Ministry of Rites,the patterns are sent to the local official kiln to burn imperial porcelain.In particular,the Court-made Style System implemented by local official kilns was inherited by the imperial kiln factory of the Ming Dynasty and the imperial kiln factory of the Qing Dynasty.