巴中水宁寺摩岩石刻的彩绘颜料分析

Analysis of Color Paint for Moyan Stone Carvings in Shuining Temple in Bazhong

巴中水宁寺摩崖造像以题材广泛、形式多样、雕刻精致著称于世,但潮湿的环境,不稳定的崖体,半露天的保存环境使水宁寺石刻遭到了严重的破坏,影响了石刻的艺术性,因此水宁寺摩崖造像保护修复工作迫在眉睫。通过对水宁寺石刻颜料的分析,获取彩绘颜料的信息,一方面为颜料复原提供科学依据,另一方面也有利于文物工作者展开针对性保护工作,具有重要的文物保护意义。采用超景深三维视频显微分析、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射实验分析(XRD)以及激光拉曼光谱分析,从物质的外观、结构和成分综合分析水宁寺摩岩造像颜料的主要组成矿物。实验结果表明1号样品主要矿物为黄赭石,2号样品主要矿物为铅丹,3号样品主要矿物为石绿,4号样品主要矿物为硫酸铅,5号样品主要矿物为青金石,6号样品主要矿物为针铁矿,颜料下层的白粉层为二水石膏。因造像长期暴露在潮湿、半露天的的环境下,少数颜料不能直接检测出标准物质,需要根据相关资料进行二次分析,如黄赭石因长期风化导致最后测出的主要矿物是Fe_(2)O_(3);铅丹在潮湿及微生物存在的环境条件下发生分解变成K_(2)PbO_(2)与PbO_(2);针铁矿是由赤铁矿或黄铁矿经化学反应而生成的。另外,通过对比人造群青的合成时间与造像的开凿年代,加之Fe元素的检出暗指天然青金石中金星的主要成分黄铁矿,可以判断本样品的颜料是由天然青金石制作的,丰富了天然青金石的使用案例。

Shuining Temple in Bazhong is famous for its wide range of themes,diverse forms and exquisite carving.However,the wet environment,unstable cliff body and the semi-open preservation environment caused serious damage to the stone carvings of Shuining Temple,which affected the artistry of the stone carvings.Therefore,the protection and restoration work of the cliff statues of Shuining Temple is extremely urgent.In this paper,through the analysis of the pigments for the stone carvings in Shuining Temple,the information of the pigment is obtained,which,on the one hand,provides a scientific basis for the restoration of the pigments,and on the other hand,is conducive to the targeted protection of cultural relic workers,which is of great significance for the protection of cultural relics.This paper used superdepth three-dimensional video microanalysis,X-ray fluorescence spectrum analysis(XRF),X-ray diffraction experiment analysis(XRD)and laser Raman spectrum analysis to comprehensively analyze the main composition minerals of shuining Temple moyan pigment from the appearance,structure and composition of the material.The results showed that the main mineral of sample No.1 was yellow ochre,sample No.2 was leaden,sample No.3 was celadon,sample No.4 was lead sulfate,sample No.5 was lapis lazuli,sample No.6 was goethite,and dihydrite was the white powder layer under the pigment layer.Due to the long-term exposure of the statues to the damp and semi-open environments,a few pigments could not be directly detected as standard substances,so secondary analysis should be conducted according to relevant data.For example,the main component of yellow ochre detected due to long-term weathering was Fe_(2)O_(3).K 2PbO_(2)and PbO_(2)were decomposed under the environmental conditions of moisture and microbial presence.Goethite is produced by a chemical reaction of hematite or pyrite.In addition,by comparing the synthetic time of artificial lapis lazuli with the excavation age of the statue,and by detecting the element Fe,which implies that pyrite is the main component of Venus in natural lapis lazuli,we can judge that the pigment of this sample is made of natural lapis lazuli,which enriches the use cases of natural lapis lazuli.