清末纺织教育制度化研究

A study on the institutionalization of textile education in late Qing Dynasty

清末纺织教育制度是癸卯学制的重要组成部分,其形成过程受本土因素与外部因素双方面影响。文章以癸卯学制为背景,采取区域互证的方式,爬梳各类史料汇编及报刊图书等文献资料。研究认为清末纺织教育制度大致经历了三个阶段:从1894年李鸿章撰写《推广机器织布局折》至1897年蚕学馆建立是萌芽阶段,部分洋务人士意识到纺织教育的必要性,并出现了中国最早的纺织学校,是纺织教育制度形成前的重要尝试;从1898年张之洞撰写《劝学篇》至1904年《奏定学堂章程》公布是理论形成阶段,以湖北经验为基础,以日本模式为借鉴,融合中国工农业现状,形成了适合中国纺织业发展的现代教育制度;1905年学部成立至1912年学制更迭是实践阶段,受地方性因素的影响,各地纺织教育呈现不完全一致的面貌。通过描绘清末纺织教育制度化的历史图景,以期补充中国近代纺织史研究的另一面相。

The textile education system in the late Qing Dynasty was an important part of the Gui-Mao schooling system,and its formation was affected by both local and external factors.Using the regional mutual verification method,the article carefully sorts out various historical data compilations,newspapers and books and other literature materials concerning Gui-Mao schooling systems,including the Complete Works of Li Hongzhang,the Complete Works of Zhang Zhidong,the Complete Works of Zuo Zongtang,the Dangerous Words of the Prosperous Age,the Historical Materials of Modern Chinese Educational System,the Collection of Materials of Modern Chinese Educational History,the Collection of Records of Chinese Investigation into Japan in the late Qing Dynasty,the Agricultural Journal,the Official Journal of the Ministry of Education,the Nanyang Official Journal,the Beiyang Official Journal,the Sichuan Official Journal of Education,the Zhejiang Official Journal of Education and Guangyi Repository,Jingshi Bao,Xiang Bao,and Shen Bao.According to the research,this article draws the conclusion that the textile education system in the late Qing Dynasty has roughly gone through three stages.The beginning stage started from Li Hongzhang’s Promotion of Machine Weaving Layout in 1894 and ended in the establishment of the Sericulture Institute in 1897.Some Westernizers represented by Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang realized the necessity of textile education.In Promotion of Machine Weaving Layout,Li Hongzhang urged all factories,gentry and merchants to pay attention to the method of cotton planting,produce spinning raw cloth,explore profit sources and gradually catch up with the foreign products,which could be regarded as the symbol of the rise of textile education.Subsequently,Lin Qi,the governor of Hangzhou,realized that the way to improve the competitiveness of the industry lied not only in machinery,but also in the study of Western science and technology.He hoped to use education as an intermediary to quickly transform science and technology into actual productivity,so as to achieve the purpose of revitalizing sericulture.Under the chairmanship of Lin Qi,the earliest textile school in China,the Sericulture Institute,became an important attempt before the formation of textile education system.The theoretical formation stage started from Zhang Zhidong’s compilation of Encouraging Learning in 1898 and ended in the announcement of Affirming the Constitution of School in 1904.Putting forward the reform plan of saving the country through education,Encouraging Learning directly pointed out the importance of textile to the national economy and advocated to reform the Chinese schooling system by imitating the Japanese school system.With the implementation by Zhang Zhidong,Hubei became a pilot of education reform in the late Qing Dynasty.The textile education received full attention.Zhang Zhidong also sent Wu Rulun,Yao Xiguang,Luo Zhenyu and others to Japan for investigation successively.Their publications,such as Travel to the East,An Overview of Japanese Schools,and A Journal of Two Months in Fusang had influenced the reform of the education system in the late Qing Dynasty.The opinions and suggestions on textile education in their publications also penetrated into the formulation of the textile education system in the late Qing Dynasty.Based on the experience of Hubei,using the Japanese model as a reference,and integrating the current situation of Chinese industry and agriculture,a modern education system suitable for the development of Chinese textile industry was formed.In January 1904,Zhang Zhidong wrote Affirming the Constitution of School on the basis of Encouraging Learning,which was later known as Gui-Mao schooling system,the first well-rounded modern education system in modern China.The textile discipline became an integral part of the modern education system as a special discipline for the first time.Gui-Mao schooling system divided textile education into two disciplines of agricultural and engineering throughout three stages of primary,secondary and postsecondary.Textile related courses were also provided in universities.The textile discipline began to have a clear curriculum support system and strong practical operability.After completing the basic knowledge learning such as physics and arithmetic,students took practicum courses for practice to cultivate textile professionals with practical skills.Such syllabi ensured that there were specialized talents for matrix support in each process from the production to processing of textile raw materials.Till then,the textile education under Gui-Mao schooling system was well established to match the needs of the industry.The practice stage started from the establishment of the school department in 1905 and ended in the change of schooling system in 1912.Influenced by local factors,textile education in various places presented an inconsistent appearance.For example,Hangzhou Sericulture Institute adjusted the original curriculum,making the overall structure of the curriculum clearer and the categories of courses more complete.Sichuan Secondary Industry School refined the professional courses in Gui-Mao schooling system to adapt to the fertile land and a wide variety of raw materials.This article describes the historical picture of the institutionalization of textile education in the late Qing Dynasty:for the first time,textile education,as a part under the Gui-Mao schooling system,had a complete discipline system and clear curriculum design,transitioned from the traditional apprenticeship to the modern school education.It is expected that the research in this article can supplement the study of modern Chinese textile history from a novel perspective.