理论转向与逻辑跃升:马克思社会批判图景的历史性建构

Theoretical Turn and Logical Leap:The Historical Construction of Marx’s Scenario of Social Criticism

马克思是一位出类拔萃的社会批判家。通过对资本主义社会的理论省察和现实体认,马克思展开了对资本主义的实质性批判。然而这种科学批判图景并非一日之功,它有一个逻辑跃升的过程。从《莱茵报》时期到《巴黎手稿》,马克思直面现实的物质利益难题而展开了对社会的人本主义批判;从《德意志意识形态》到《哲学的贫困》,马克思以分工和所有制为抓手展开了对社会的原则性分析;从《共产党宣言》到《资本论》,马克思聚焦于劳动和资本关系而展开了对社会的全面解剖。马克思对于资本主义社会的批判不再是单一的道义谴责,而是深入资本主义生产方式内部的“病理学解剖”。马克思的社会批判思想依然是21世纪社会批判和革命的指导思想,当代马克思主义者应赓续马克思的批判传统而直面现实问题并回应时代之问。

Marx is an outstanding social critic.Through the theoretical examination and realistic recognition of capitalist society,Marx launched a substantive critique of capitalism.However,this scientific critique was not accomplished in a day.It had a process of logical leap.From the period of“Rheinische Zeitung”to“Paris Manuscripts”,Marx faced the realistic problems of material interests and launched a humanistic criticism of society.From“The German Ideology”to“The Poverty of Philosophy”,Marx used the division of labor and ownership as the grip and made a principled analysis of the society.From“The Communist Manifesto”to“Das Kapital”,Marx focused on the relationship between labor and capital and carried out a comprehensive anatomy of society.Marx’s critique of capitalist society is no longer a single moral condemnation,but a“pathological anatomy”that goes deep into the capitalist mode of production.In the 21st century,Marx’s social criticism is still the guiding ideology of social critique and revolution.Contemporary Marxists should continue Marx’s critical tradition,face up to the realistic problems and respond to the questions of the times.