契丹辽地寺院“官化”现象初探

A Preliminary Analysis On the Phenomenon of"Officialization"in the Khitan Liao Region

钩沉历史文献及石刻文字发现,契丹辽地寺院有程度不同的“官化”现象。具体表现在两个方面:一是反映在寺院建设上的“官化”因素,诸如存在由契丹皇帝皇后所建、有某种“官化”成分之寺院;或是存在由契丹皇帝赐额并敕修的“官化”特色明显之寺院。二是寺院功能中融入某种特殊的“官化”成分,譬如,因行香饭僧,寺院成为国喜国忌佛教法事活动之场所;因镌石刻经,寺院成为官藏佛教石经制作瘗埋之场所;因僧官挂锡,寺院成为地方佛教管理机构之所在;以及因“奉安”御容、勒石纪功、皇帝驻跸、官客食宿、外使观游、赈灾施钱、囚禁罪臣,等等,佛教寺院成为诸种涉“官事”活动之场所。契丹辽地寺院“官化”现象的出现,是契丹皇帝信佛、崇佛甚至佞佛的一种结果。但契丹辽地寺院的“官化”只涉及部分寺院,所以,寺院的“官化”现象并没有对整体的寺院宗教功能造成太大影响,多数寺院的宗教自主性和发展的独立性依然存在。

By looking through the historical documents and stone inscriptions,it is found that the temples of Khitan dynasty had undergone changes of different degrees of"officialization".It is embodied in two aspects:one is the factor of"officialization"reflected in the process of temples construction,such as the existence of temples built by the Khitan Emperor and empress with some"officialization"elements;there were temples with obvious characteristics of"officialization"which were granted and repaired by the Khitan emperor.Second,some special"officialization"elements were integrated into the temple function.For instance,the temple became a place for buddhist religious activities because of the practice of incense and providing Buddhist monks with meals.Because of engraved stone sutras,temples became a officialization places to collect and produce Buddhist sutras.Because monks had a Mass read for the repose of soul,the temples became the location of the local Buddhist administration.In addition,because of a considerable number of activities related to goverment,the Buddhist temples had become a place for all kinds of"official affairs"activities.The appearance of"officialization"in the ruling areas of Liao dynasty temples was a result of the Khitan emperor's belief in Buddhism,worship of Buddhism and even fawning on Buddhism.However,the"officialization"of the temples in the Khitan dynasty only took place on several temples,so the phenomenon of"officialization"of the temples did not have a great impact on the overall religious functions.Addtionally,the religious autonomy and development independence of most temples still existed.