意志与选择--康德与亚里士多德动机论比较

Will and Choice:A Comparison of Kant and Aristotle's Thinking Paradigm

在探究道德实践的理由时,康德从理性知识中提出道德形而上学的实践哲学,人对道德准则的规定源于人的意志和理性自律。但是,人是理性与情感的统一,诉诸某一种因素不能准确解释人的行为动机。在亚里士多德的理论中,道德的实践是人的“选择”的结果。尽管亚里士多德没有明确界定人的意志概念,但仍然对人的行为及不能自制的问题进行了分析。通过对比两者对行为与道德的看法,一方面,义务的产生使道德行为的目的与手段分离;另一方面,由于义务高于幸福,德福关系出现不一致。可见,人作为道德责任的承担者,从产生道德意识到道德行动的生发,既需要理性自律的推动,也需要个人情感的支撑。

When exploring the reasons of moral practice,Kant put forward the practical philosophy of moral metaphysics from rational knowledge.The provisions of moral standards come from the will of people and rational self-discipline.However,human beings are the unity of reason and emotion,and resorting to a certain factor cannot accurately explain the motivation for human behavior.In Aristotle's theory,moral practice is the result of man's"choice".Although Aristotle did not clearly define the concept of human will,the analysis of human behavior and the weakness of the will was still conducted.By contrasting their views on behavior and morality,on the one hand,Kant's concept of moral obligation separates the ends from the means of moral behavior.On the other hand,The reason why the relationship between virtue and happiness is unnecessarily lead to connection is that concept of moral obligation trumps happiness.It can be seen that,as the undertaker of moral responsibility,from moral consciousness to moral action,people need not only rational self-discipline,but also the transfer and participation of personal emotion.