47份箭筈豌豆品种(系)在青海作秋绿肥的能力评价

Capability evaluation of 47 common vetch cultivars(lines)as autumn green manure in Qinghai Province,Northwest China

箭筈豌豆是我国重要的肥饲兼用绿肥作物之一,麦田套复种箭筈豌豆是青海等西北地区重要的农牧结合措施。在青海农区,田间条件下分析了47份箭筈豌豆品种(系)分枝期和初花期地上部生物量、氮磷钾累积量及土壤速效养分含量变化。运用主成分分析和聚类分析对不同箭筈豌豆品种氮磷钾吸收能力进行综合评价,以期筛选出适宜青海地区作绿肥栽培的品种(系)。结果表明,47份箭筈豌豆资源初花期鲜草产量及氮磷钾累积量分别为21.33~47.31 t·hm^(-2)、100.34~212.51 kg·hm^(-2)、10.31~25.25 kg·hm^(-2)和63.89~140.41 kg·hm^(-2)。匈牙利初花期鲜草产量、氮钾累积量均最高,比当地主栽品种西牧333分别提高了58.92%、44.78%和54.40%。7501磷累积量最高,比西牧333提高了27.78%。两个时期生物量及氮磷钾累积量10个指标的主成分分析显示排名前五的品种分别为匈牙利、草原79-1、清水河麻箭豌(麻色)、324和黑皮741箭豌,匈牙利综合得分最高(6.84),751箭豌得分最低(-3.87)。聚类分析显示,氮磷钾素吸收能力均聚为强、中、弱3类。氮素方面,吸收能力强的有4份资源,占8.51%,包括初花期氮累积量最高的匈牙利;吸收能力居中的有33份资源,占70.21%;吸收能力弱的有10份资源,占21.28%。磷素方面,吸收能力强的有7份资源,占14.89%,包括初花期磷素累积量最高的7501;吸收能力居中的有28份资源,占59.58%;吸收能力弱的有12份资源,占25.53%。钾素方面,吸收能力强的有8份资源,占17.02%,包括初花期钾累积量最高的匈牙利;吸收能力居中的有37份资源,占78.72%;吸收能力弱的有2份资源,占4.26%。47份箭筈豌豆资源的氮磷钾吸收能力表现出明显的差异,氮磷钾吸收强的分别有4、7和8份,这些资源平均吸氮量、吸磷量和吸钾量分别达到200.62 kg·hm^(-2)、23.10 kg·hm^(-2)和115.23 kg·hm^(-2)。种植箭筈豌豆可显著降低分枝期和初花期土壤无机氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,能够充分利用休闲期土壤养分。综合来看,主成分分析显示排名前五的品种中匈牙利、草原79-1、清水河麻箭豌(麻色)和324表现较强的氮、钾吸收能力,草原79-1和匈牙利表现出较强的磷、钾吸收能力,可作为青海省有潜力的箭筈豌豆品种(系)在生产中验证。

Common vetch(Vicia sativa)is one of the most important fertilizer and forage dual-purpose green manure crops in China.Pre-cropping common vetch with wheat(Triticum aestivum)is a significant combination of agriculture and animal husbandry in Qinghai,Northwest China.The nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)accumulation and aboveground biomass of 47 cultivars(lines)and soil available nutrients were analyzed at the branching and initial flowering stage under field conditions in Qinghai.Principal component and cluster analyses were used to evaluate the crop N,P and K absorption capacity in order to identify cultivars suitable for use in Qinghai.The ranges of values for fresh herbage yield,and total N,P and K accumulation were 21.33-47.31 t·ha^(-1),100.34-212.51 kg·ha^(-1),10.31-25.25 kg·ha^(-1)and 63.89-140.41 kg·ha^(-1),respectively,for the 47 common vetch cultivars at the initial flowering stage.The cultivar‘Hungary’had the highest fresh grass yield and N and Kaccumulation capacity.The performance of‘Hungary’for those traits exceeded that of the local main cultivar,‘Ximu 333’,by 58.92%,44.78%,and 54.40%,respectively.Cultivar‘7501’had the highest P accumulation capacity,which was 27.78%higher than‘Ximu 333’.Principal component analysis showed that the top five ranking cultivars were‘Hungary’,‘Grassland 79-1’,‘Qingshui River(Linen)’,‘324’and‘Black 741 common vetch’.‘Hungary’had the highest score(6.84),and‘751’had the lowest score(-3.87).Cluster analysis showed that the absorption capacity of N,P and K differed among cultivars and clustered into three groups in each case.For N,the groups with higher,medium and lower N absorption capacity contained,respectively,4,33 and 10cultivars.For P,the groups with higher,medium and lower absorption capacity contained,respectively 7,28 and12 cultivars.For K,the groups with higher,medium and lower absorption capacity contained,respectively 8,37and 2 cultivars.For the cultivar groups with higher N,P and K absorption capacity contained respectively four,seven and eight cultivars as noted above,and the average N,P and K absorption was,respectively,200.62 kg·ha^(-1),23.10 kg·ha^(-1)and 115.23 kg·ha^(-1).Planting common vetch significantly decreased soil inorganic N,available P and K levels at branching and initial flowering growth stages.Overall,among the top-five-ranked cultivars of the principal component analysis noted above,‘Hungary’,‘Grassland 79-1’,‘Qingshui River(Linen)’and‘324’showed the highest N and K absorption capacities,and‘Grassland 79-1’and‘Hungary’showed the highest P and Kabsorption capacities.These cultivars are therefore proposed as candidate cultivars for further field evaluation in Qinghai.