世界优秀高山滑雪运动员竞技表现影响因素的研究进展

Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Competitive Performance of World Elite Alpine Skiers

基于Web of Science等数据库中关于高山滑雪的文献研究,综述世界优秀高山滑雪运动员竞技表现的影响因素,研究发现:1)技术型项目运动员具有身材矮小、下肢短、瘦体重含量高的特征;速度型项目运动员具有身材高大、体脂率较高的特征;比赛时供能方式以无氧代谢为主,回转-大回转-超级大回转-滑降的有氧供能比例依次提高;运动员均具备优异的下肢、核心肌群力量以及平衡稳定能力。2)技术型项目运动员注重卡宾转弯技术的使用,该技术具有双腿共负荷、启动时相长、转弯第Ⅱ时相短的特征;速度型项目运动员重视跳跃技术的使用,起跳角度、起跳速度、空中姿势和落地坡度是关键技术环节。3)技术型项目运动员应注重提高过弯速度、减小转弯半径、优化滑行轨迹、降低地面反作用力的能力,速度型项目运动员应注重提高减少空气阻力和降低雪板与雪面摩擦力的能力。4)技术型项目主要依靠增加水平门距、缩短旗门间距以及选择陡峭的坡度来控制滑行速度,速度型项目则主要依靠缩短旗门间距来控制滑行速度。5)高山滑雪运动员最易损伤部位是膝关节,损伤率随速度增加而升高,损伤类型呈现动态变异性;技术型项目运动损伤机制主要与转弯速度快和转弯半径小相结合而导致的高负荷有关,速度型项目运动损伤机制主要与较快的速度和跳跃有关。我国高山滑雪运动员竞技表现的提升应围绕上述影响因素开展针对性的训练,以期实现冬奥会该项目运动成绩新突破。

Based on the research literature on alpine skiing in Web of Science databases,this paper summarizes the influencing factors of competitive performance of world elite alpine skiers.The results show that:1)Technical athletes have the characteristics of short stature,short lower limbs and high lean body weight;speed athletes have the characteristics of tall and high body fat rate;during the competition,anaerobic metabolism was the main mode of energy supply,and the proportion of aerobic energy supply increased from slalom-giant slalom-super G-downhill;all athletes have excellent strength of lower limbs,core muscles and balance and stability.2)Technical athletes pay attention to the use of carving a turn,which has the characteristics of common load on both legs,long starting time and short second turning time;speed athletes pay attention to the use of jumping technology,taking off angle,taking off speed,air posture and landing slope are the key technical links.3)Technical athletes should pay attention to the ability to improve the turning speed,reduce the turning radius,optimize the sliding track and reduce the ground reaction force.Speed athletes should pay attention to the ability to reduce air resistance and reduce the friction between snowboard and snow surface.4)Technical events mainly rely on increasing the horizontal gate spacing,shortening the gate spacing and selecting steep slope to control the skiing speed,while speed events mainly rely on shortening the gate spacing to control the skiing speed.5)The most common injury part of alpine skiers is the knee joint.The injury rate increases with the increase of speed,and the injury types show dynamic variability.The sports injury mechanism of technical events is mainly related to the high load caused by the combination of fast turning speed and small turning radius.The sports injury mechanism of speed event is mainly related to faster speed and jump.The improvement of the competitive performance of Chinese alpine skiers should be carried out around the above influencing factors in order to achieve a new breakthrough in the sports performance of Olympic Winter Games.