遗嘱解释中形式主义的三道边界--私法立场、民法本位与内部真实

Three boundaries of formalism in testamentary interpretation:Position of Private Law,Civil Law Standard and Internal Truth

如何有效平衡遗嘱人真实意思与遗嘱形式严格以避免陷入形式主义误区成为一个重要的司法命题。遗嘱解释在性质上属事实认定而不宜与带有较重公法思维的严格理性主义、客观主义的法律解释相混淆。私法精神有别于公法思维,其始终坚持私法自治优先、防范过度干涉,有必要尽可能去发现遗嘱人真意。同时在价值追求上应避免将遗嘱解释同效益本位的商事行为解释混淆,而应遵循典型的偏人本主义、伦理正义的民事行为解释路径。最后遗嘱解释作为典型的无相对人的意思表示,具有明显的内部指向性,也应避免与有相对人的意思表示范畴的合同解释相混淆,相较于外部信赖利益保护,遗嘱人的内心真意保护具有优先性。唯正确理解遗嘱解释中的内在思维逻辑体系,方能有效抑制形式主义的过度适用,真正尊重遗嘱人的自治,实现公平正义,落实《民法典》第一百四十二条的精神。

How to effectively balance the true meaning of the testator and the strictness of the will form to avoid falling into absolute formalism is an important judicial proposition.The interpretation of wills is factual in na⁃ture and should not be confused with strict rationalist and objectivist legal interpretations with more emphasis on pub⁃lic law thinking.The spirit of private law is different from public law thinking.It is necessary to discover the true meaning of the testator as much as possible.At the same time,in the pursuit of value,we should avoid confuse the interpretation of the will with the interpretation of the benefit-based commercial behavior,and should follow the typical humanistic,ethical justice interpretation of civil behavior.The final will interpretation,as a typical expression of the will without counterparty,has obvious internal orientation.It should also avoid being confused with the inter⁃pretation of the contract with the scope of the expression of the counterpart’s will.Compared with the protection of external trust and interest,the testator’s true will protection Have priority.Only a correct understanding of the inter⁃nal logic system of thinking in the interpretation of the will can effectively suppress the excessive application of for⁃malism,truly respect the autonomy of the testator,achieve fairness and justice,and implement the spirit of Article 142 of the Civil Code.