侵权损害赔偿责任范围因果关系的司法认定

Judicial Determination of Causality in The Scope of Liability for Tort Damages

在侵权损害纠纷中,并非与加害行为有关的所有后果全部归责于侵权行为人,对责任范围的认定是在综合考察损害后果与侵权行为之间的事实关联等多种因素基础上,以具体的价值判断作为指引进行合理平衡。承载裁判者价值判断,用以限制责任范围的主要媒介为相当因果关系,在对“相当性”作认定时,应综合可预见性、法规目的说、法政策等因素,对损害与侵权之间的因果关系作法律判断,从而确定可归责于加害人的责任范围,实现损害分担的公平正义。此外,介入因素对因果关系的认定也有举足轻重的作用,特别是特殊体质作为介入因素考察时应区分不同类型,而不应将“蛋壳脑袋”规则泛化。

In the dispute of tort compensation,the tort-feasor is not liable for all the consequences associated with the infringement act.Of course,the determination of the scope of liability should be based on factual causality.Then,we use legal value judgments to weigh the extent of liability.In the practice,the theory of causality is the main tool for limiting the scope of liability.In the determination of equivalence,a lot of facts should be considered,including foreseeability,legal purposes,legal policies and so on.On this basis,judge the causality of the scope of li⁃ability,and determine the extent of the damage,so as to achieve equity and justice.In addition,intervening factors also play a significant role in determining causality.Special constitution is a typical intervening factors,it is often called eggshell head rule.The role of special constitution in damage should be classified,it cannot be generalized.