意大利法院适用诚信原则典型判例研究

On Typical Cases of the Application of Good Faith Principle in Italian Courts

为了推进对外国适用诚信原则经验的国别化和案例化研究,为我国司法和立法提供借鉴,本文研究了意大利法院适用诚信原则的四个典型判例,分别关系到主观诚信、客观诚信、端方和禁反言,从而比较全面地展示了意大利法院适用诚信原则的经验。这些判例大多经过三审,到最高法院结案,所以具有典型性。主观诚信涉及对诚信者的奖励,意大利的免还标的物的价值只还其价格的奖励措施具有鲜明的个性。客观诚信与端方并列,代表了意大利立法者独特的思想历程,法院还是把它们作为两个不同的原则适用。在本文分析的案例中,客观诚信原则起了情势变更原则的作用。禁反言的确立属于《意大利民法典》的特色和优势,但法院考虑到一个自然人在一个法人中担任的不同角色以及“前言”和“后言”之间存在较长的时间间隔,倾向于柔化禁反言原则的效力。

In order to promote the nationalization and case study of the experience of applying the principle of good faith in foreign countries,and to provide reference for the judicature and legislation in China,this paper studies four typical cases of the application of the principle of good faith in Italian courts,which are respectively related to subjective good faith,objective good faith,correctness and estoppel,thus showing the experience of Italian courts in applying the principle of good faith in an all-round way.Most of these cases are typical because they are settled by the Supreme Court after the third instance.Subjective good faith involves rewards for honest people,and Italy’s incentive measures for exempting to return the value of the subject matter but only its price have a distinctive personality.The juxtaposition of objective good faith and correctness represents the unique ideological history of Italian legislators.Today the court still applies them as two different principles.In the case analyzed in this article,the principle of objective good faith played the role of the principle of rebus sic stantibus.The establishment of principle of estoppel belongs to the characteristics and advantages of the Italian Civil Code,but the court considers the different roles of a natural person in a legal person and the long time interval between“foreword”and“afterword”,and tends to soften the effect of the principle of estoppel.