中华民族共同体视域下金人的“中国”历史认同--以《大金德运图说》为中心的讨论

The Historical Identity of“China”in the Jin Dynasty--Centered on Dajin Deyun Tushuo(《大金德运图说》)

金人编成的《大金德运图说》一书,充分反映了金人对“中国”历史的认同观念。书中收录的德运承袭图,认同从神话传说人物伏羲至宋辽金时期的中国历史发展谱系,并将东晋十六国和南北朝分裂时期的中国正统分成两个分支,在两个分支旁边标注有南燕、后燕、北燕、姚秦、赫连夏等少数民族政权,不仅将“五德终始”学说的单线性发展模式改为复线性发展模式,认同汉族和少数民族都可以称正统,并且认为正统和非正统都是“中国”,充分反映了金人对整个“中国”历史的认同意识。由于“五德终始”学说的单线性中国历史发展模式受到了复线性中国历史发展实际的挑战,所以,金人在关于金朝的德运讨论中,出现了“继唐”“继宋”“继辽”等观点的分歧,这不仅从侧面反映出金人对唐代历史、宋代历史和辽代历史均有认同意识,也促使“五德终始”学说这一单线性中国历史发展模式的理论逐步走向终结。

Dajin Deyun Tushuo which was compiled in the Jin Dynasty fully reflects people’s concept of the historical identity of“China”at that time.The orthodoxy in the book identified the Chinese historical development lineage from the legend Fuxi(伏羲)to the Song Dynasty.The book divided the China orthodoxy of Eastern Jin,Sixteen States,and the Southern and Northern Dynasties(南北朝)into two branches.The two branches which included the South Yan(南燕),Later Yan(后燕),North Yan(北燕),Yao Qin(姚秦),and Helianxia(赫连夏)regimes,not only changed from single linear development mode deriving from the“Wude Zhongshi Theory”(五德终始说)into a double way,but also recognized the idea that both the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities were called“China”.There were some divergences as to whether the Jin Dynasty should inherit the Tang,the Song,or the Liao Dynasties.These divergences which were the product of Chinese historical development challenged the single linear Chinese historical development model into multiple tracks,and ended the single linear Chinese historical development model deriving from the“Wude Zhongshi Theory”.