清代宗学述论

Studies of the Royal Clan Education of the Qing Dynasty

清代宗学经历了由各宗亲王自行在府中修建管理到由国家设立两翼宗学统一管理的过程,表明清代统治者开始加强对满洲宗室的控制和管理。宗学备受统治者的重视与优崇,宗学生享受优厚的待遇,其入仕也比其他旗人更为容易。在清代所有官学中,宗学最提倡国语骑射教育,希冀保持满洲性格。皇帝认为宗室子弟应保持满洲风气,不强求他们学习汉文化,但实际上宗学生的满语骑射水平并没有加强,反而有了不学汉文化的借口,最终形成了宗室子弟浮躁的学风。虽然宗学也培养出了一些人才,但这与皇帝对其投入完全不成正比。因此,清代统治者希冀靠这部分人来维持以“国语骑射”所代表的“满洲之根本”是不现实的。

The royal clan education in the Qing Dynasty experienced the process from the construc-tion and management of each royal clan in their own prince’s mansion to the unified management of twowing royal clan schools established by the state, indicating that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty began tostrengthen the control and management of Manchu royal clan families. The royal clan schools were highlyvalued and respected by the rulers. The students were given preferential treatment. Their way of enteringthe official position was easier than other banner members. Among all the official schools in the Qing Dy-nasty, the royal clan schools were the schools that most advocated "national(Manchu) language riding andarchery"education. They were hoped to maintain the Manchu characters. The emperor believed that thechildren of the royal clan should maintain the Manchu atmosphere and did not force them to learn Chineseculture. However, in fact, the level of Manchu riding and archery of these students was not strengthened.There was an excuse not to learn Chinese culture, which eventually led to the impetuous study style of thechildren of the royal clan. Although some talents were also cultivated in the royal clan school, it was not di-rectly proportional to the emperor’s investment in it. Therefore, it is unrealistic for the rulers of the QingDynasty to rely on these people to maintain the "root of Manchuria"represented by "national language rid-ing and shooting".