品种和气象因子对马铃薯主要品质的影响

The impacts of cultivar maturity and meteorological factors on main quality of potato

品种和气象因子是决定马铃薯块茎品质的主要因素,分析不同播期下生育期气象因子对不同品种马铃薯主要品质的影响对保障我国食物安全、丰富人民饮食结构具有重要意义。本文基于2018—2020年内蒙古武川马铃薯播期-品种耦合试验,探究马铃薯块茎主要品质指标(粗蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉和维生素C)随品种和播期的变化规律,并解析不同品种和播期下各生育阶段气象因子对马铃薯主要品质的影响。主要结果如下:马铃薯块茎主要品质指标变异系数为可溶性糖>淀粉>维生素C>粗蛋白;基于隶属函数值的结果表明早熟品种‘费乌瑞它’早播(4月27日)、中熟品种‘康尼贝克’晚播(6月2日)和晚熟品种‘克新一号’中播(5月15日)的综合品质高于其他处理。播期和品种调控对马铃薯品质存在显著影响。而生殖生长阶段尤其是开花-成熟阶段的气象因子决定了主要品质指标的形成,限制当地马铃薯品质提升的主要气象因子为生育期平均温度和降水量。‘费乌瑞它’粗蛋白含量随开花-成熟期的有效积温、日均温增加表现出显著下降趋势(P<0.05),品种‘克新一号’粗蛋白含量随全生育期降水量增加表现出极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),品种‘康尼贝克’粗蛋白含量和生育期气象因子均无显著相关。本研究定量了品种和气象因子对马铃薯块茎主要品质的影响,结果可为优质马铃薯的品种筛选和科学种植提供理论依据。

Meteorological factors and cultivar maturity are the two determining factors of potato tuber quality.Analyzing the relationship between meteorological factors during the potato growth period and potato quality is of great significance for ensuring food security and enriching people’s dietary structure.On the basis of 2 years×3-planting dates×3-cultivars field experiment conducted in Wuchuan,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the relationships between meteorological factors during different potato growth periods and the main indices of potato quality were quantified.On the basis of hydrothermal requirements during different potato growth stages,we divided the entire growth period into two periods,namely the vegetative growth period (planting-tuberization) and the reproductive growth period (tuberization-maturity),and then divided the reproductive growth period into tuberization to tuber bulking,tuber bulking to maturity.With the addition of the whole growth period and the water critical period (10 days before to 15 days after tuberization),six growth periods were set as the study phases.Five meteorological factors,namely effective accumulative temperature,mean temperature,daily temperature range,precipitation,and sunshine hours during the six growth periods were used to assess the relationships with potato quality,using correlation analysis,variance analysis,and membership function.The results showed that the average contents of crude protein,vitamin C,soluble sugar,and starch were 100.1 g·kg-1,19.64 mg·(100g)-1,18.58 g·(100g)-1 and31.48 g·(100g)-;,respectively.The coefficients of variation for the main potato quality indices were in the order of soluble sugar>starch>vitamin C>crude protein.On the basis of membership function,the early maturing cultivar (‘Favorita’) with early planting(April 27),the middle maturing cultivar (‘Connibeck’) with late planting (June 2),and the late maturing cultivar (‘Kexin_1’) with middle planting (May 15) achieved the best potato quality when compared with other combinations of planting date and cultivar maturity.Ultimately,the coupling of planting date and cultivar had a significant effect on potato quality.Furthermore,meteorological factors had significant effects on potato quality during different potato growth periods.The results showed that potato tuber quality was mainly determined by meteorological factors during the potato reproductive growth period (tuberization-maturity),especially during tuber bulking to maturity.