《资本论》的政治实践——论阿尔都塞对《资本论》的激进政治解读

The Political Practice of Das Kapital:On Althusser’s Radical Political Interpretation of Das Kapital

随着资本主义国家生产力的快速发展和社会福利国家的兴起,马克思主义哲学原本所具有的革命性也随之减弱和消退。为了重新恢复马克思主义哲学的革命性,阿尔都塞展开了对《资本论》的激进政治解读。阿尔都塞通过回溯马克思在《资本论》中的理论“提示”,寻找资本主义体系的先天“脆弱”点;通过续写《资本论》的“结尾”,建构了新阶级斗争理论;通过发掘《资本论》的“政治实践”,发现了“偶然相遇事件”诱导革命的可能性。阿尔都塞认为,被剥削阶级应该以资本主义体系的先天脆弱点——资本主义的生产关系及保障其再生产的国家机器——为革命对象,展开“新阶级斗争”和“偶然相遇事件”的双重革命策略。实际上,阿尔都塞并没有在马克思原有的自身逻辑延展上续写《资本论》。马克思在《资本论》的结尾处指出要追溯阶级形成的根源,而阿尔都塞的续写则是对阶级斗争和革命策略的描述。只有在深入挖掘阶级形成根源的基础上,结合当代资本主义社会的发展实际,才能真正激活《资本论》的洞察力和批判力。

With the rapid development of the productive forces of capitalist countries and the rise of social welfare states,the originally revolutionary nature of Marxist philosophy has faded.In order to restore the revolutionary nature of Marxist philosophy,Althusser unfolds a radical political interpretation of Das Kapital.He looks for the inherent“vulnerabilities”of the capitalist system by tracing the theoretical“cues”of Marx in Das Kapital,constructs a new theory of class struggle by continuing to write the“end”of Das Kapital,and discovers the possibility of“aleatory encounters”to induce revolution by exploring the“political practice”of Das Kapital.Althusser believes that the exploited should use the inherent fragility of the capitalist system,namely,the capitalist production relations and the state machinery that guarantees its reproduction,as the object of revolution to start the dual revolutionary strategy of the“new class struggle”and“aleatory encounters”.In fact,Althusser does not continue to write Das Kapital following Marx’s original logic.Marx points out at the end of Das Kapital that the roots of class formation should be traced,while Althusser’s sequel is a description of class struggle and revolutionary tactics.Only by deeply digging into the root causes of class formation and combining with the practical development of contemporary capitalist society,can the insight and critical ability of Das Kapital be truly activated.