干细胞分化为生殖细胞及重构胚胎的研究进展

Research progress on artificial gametes and embryos specified from stem cells

随着辅助生殖技术(assisted reproduction technology,ART)的发展,其需求日益增长。但是ART目前对于缺少功能配子的患者尚无有效的解决方案。由于实验材料的稀缺和伦理限制,科研人员只能对人类配子和胚胎进行有限的研究,该领域迫切需求能够模拟生殖细胞及胚胎的体外模型。人工配子和体外重构胚胎的出现为生殖医学的基础研究和临床应用带来了新的希望。从成体干细胞和胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)分化来源的生殖细胞以及通过干细胞分化或不同类型干细胞组装构建类囊胚结构的技术已在一些非人类哺乳动物中实现,部分也可在人的细胞中实现。本文综述了人工配子和体外重构胚胎在小鼠、猴子和人类等不同物种中的研究进展和可能的应用。

With the development of assisted reproduction technology(ART),there is an increasing need but ART currently does not have an effective solution for patients who lack of functional gametes.Due to the scarcity of experimental materials and ethical restrictions,researchers can only conduct limited research on human gametes and embryos,and there is an urgent need for in vitro models that can simulate germ cells and embryo.The emergence of artificial gametes and in vitro reconstructed embryos has brought new hope for the basic research and clinical application of reproductive medicine.Techniques for the differentiation of germ cells from adult and embryonic stem cells(ESCs)and the construction of blastocyst-like structures by stem cell differentiation or assembly of different types of stem cells have been realized in some non-human mammals and in some human cells.This paper reviews the progress and possible applications of artificial gametes and in vitro reconstruction embryos in mice,monkeys and human.