精神科学的逻辑演进——以诠释学为中心

The Logical Progression of the Geisteswissenschaften——Centered on Hermeneutics

随着自然科学革命的推进和传统人文领域的式微,精神科学的奠基逐渐被提上日程。精神科学、人文科学有没有自身的逻辑和方法论?这是19世纪下半叶以来哲学面临的重大问题,并在当今学术语境中依然显示出紧迫性。人文科学最初由维柯奠基,以诗性逻辑阐明人文知识的合法性,却忽略了知识的起源和有效性之区分;狄尔泰通过建构描述心理学和诠释学的方法论,在精神科学的奠基与证成上迈出关键的一步,不过他仍然没有摆脱传统认识论的框架;在精神科学的自我确证之路上,伽达默尔接力前行,其哲学诠释学证明了精神科学与理解的本质关系,确立理解的对话结构和精神科学的问答逻辑,由于这种逻辑主要局限于存在论/本体论层面的描述,故而隐含着认识论和实践价值上的相对主义危机。应在更高层面上展望一种存在论和认识论—方法论相统一的精神科学的对话逻辑,这种逻辑融合交互性、反思批判性、开放性和伦理性等元素于自身,不仅标识出精神科学的特质,也能为不同学科领域的交叉综合与创新提供助益。

With the development of modern natural sciences and the comedown of traditional humanities,the foundation of Geisteswissenschaften was put on the agenda. Whether the Geisteswissenschaften/human sciences have their own logic or methodology, has been a crucial philosophical issue since the second half of the 19 th century and is still of great concern in the contemporary academic context. Vico was the first to lay a foundation for human sciences by elucidating the legitimacy of humanistic knowledge in terms of the poetic logic;nevertheless, he confused " genesis" with " validity". Dilthey developed methodologies of descriptive psychology and hermeneutics further, which was a critical step in founding and justifying Geisteswissenschaften, but he was still confined to the traditional epistemology. The intrinsic connection between understanding and Geisteswissenschaften wasn’ t revealed until Gadamer demonstrated in his philosophical hermeneutics the dialogue-structure of understanding and the "logic of question and answer"of the Geisteswissenschaften. In this logic, however, a kind of epistemological and practical relativism could arise in that it is mainly restricted to the ontological description. This paper, through investigating the historical development and the logical foundation of modern human sciences/Geisteswissenschaften, aims to propose a " dialogic" in which the ontological and epistemological-methodological dimensions are interconnected on a higher level. This kind of dialogic, while integrating such elements as interactivity,critical reflection, openness and ethicality, could not only constitute the key characteristic of the Geisteswissenschaften but also facilitate comprehensive cross-subject research.