情感劳动的职业向度分析——基于北京S医院安宁疗护病区护工群体的田野调查

Analysis of Occupational Orientation of Emotional Labor--A Case Study of Fieldwork in HospiceWard of Beijing S Hospital

本研究以北京S医院安宁疗护病区护工为例,探讨情感劳动的职业向度对情感劳动形态的塑造。研究发现,护工往往通过建立拟亲属关系拉近彼此之间的距离,赋予外人照护行为以合理性,创建情感的道德秩序。同时,就护工的情感劳动状态而言,具有工作与生活的时空融合特征。服务对象、护工公司及医护人员共同形塑护工情感劳动过程及评价体系。由此提出特定职业的时空安排、道德期待、技术规则成为理解情感劳动的社会性考量。其中,职业的时空安排指向情感劳动展演的时空要求;职业的道德期待规定了某类情感劳动在职业框架中的道德属性、情感色彩与边界;职业技术规则体现了抽象的情感劳动必须指向的技术表达,并将情感劳动回归到具体职业、劳动的考量之中。

Taking nursing workers in the hospice ward of Beijing S Hospital as an example,this study summarized the characteristics of emotional labor of nursing workers in hospice along the research path of Hochschild’s analysis of emotional labor standards,clarified the influence of nursing workers’work field on their emotional labor,and explored the occupational orientation of emotional labor on the shaping of emotional labor patterns.It also tries to put forward a framework to explain the relationship between different types of emotional labor and occupational field.It is found that the caregivers often rationalize the external care behaviors and create emotional and moral order by establishing quasi-kinship.At the same time,as far as nurses’emotional labor status is concerned,it has the characteristics of time and space integration between work and life.Only by integrating the living space with the working space can it be possible to realize on-site care of body and mind,as well as the progressive and regressive care in the process of emotional labor,which is the characteristic of the community of peaceful care workers.Clients,the nursing company and the medical staff jointly shape the emotional labor process and evaluation system of nursing workers.Specifically,responding to the rich and intensive care needs of patients and their families is the most basic professional requirement of hospice care workers.On the one hand,the companionship and care of nurses is a practical“presence”behavior,and on the other hand,it is a response to the physiological and spiritual needs of patients.Physical and mental“presence”has become an important indicator for patients and their families to evaluate the work of nurses.If the fluoroscopy is based on the relationship between the nurse and the patient,it also bears the requirements of the nursing company for the nurse.For the nursing company,the evaluation of the nursing staff is basically maintained at the bottom line requirements at present,and the nursing staff can ensure the“presence”,and complete the prescribed care actions,and do not harm the safety of patients,reducing the quality of care accidents,that is to pass the assessment.From the perspective of ward management,nurses who have a strong sense of responsibility and the ability to effectively cooperate with nurses to care for patients should stay in hospice to do care work.The nursing quality of hospice care ward is closely related to the quality of patients’death,which makes the work of nursing workers be endowed with a social expectation of high emotional investment.It is considered that the time and space arrangement,moral expectation and technical rules of a specific occupation are social considerations for understanding emotional labor.Specifically,the time-space arrangement of occupation refers to the physical and mental state and the time-space relationship of workers when they are engaged in professional labor..It points to the time and space requirements of emotional labor performance.Occupational moral expectation refers to the social public’s agreement on the moral and emotional order of a particular occupational field.It defines the moral attribute,emotional color and boundary of some kind of emotional labor in the framework of occupation.Occupational technical rules,refers to what technical indicators,and professional terms to cover emotional labor in occupational performance to evaluate.It embodies the technical expression that the abstract emotional labor must point to,and returns the emotional labor to the consideration of specific occupation and labor.It can be seen that occupational orientation can be used as a framework to see the emotional labor needs and states of different groups.It adds a social dimension to the understanding of emotional labor.