《民法典》的权利实现规定与司法程序配置

Realization of Private Rights in Chinese Civil Code and Relevant Judicial Procedures

《民法典》中包含很多关于权利实现的新规定,须结合程序法规则加以解释。依据《民法典》第581条,在可以适用替代履行这种强制执行方式时,不得排除债权人的实际履行请求权;法院对替代履行的费用有酌定权。如果从《民法典》第581条中解释出独立的“替代履行费用偿还请求权”,一方面,该权利会与代替给付的损害赔偿请求权产生功能重叠和不必要的竞合;另一方面,可能造成债权人只有经过两次诉讼程序才能实现其履行请求权的后果。《民法典》第642条第2款是广义上的动产担保权人自行取回标的物的规定,担保权人不能和平取回动产时,可以先适用以物之交付为内容的强制执行程序,然后可自行变价。《民法典》第1177条第1款规定债权人实施自助行为后应“立即请求有关国家机关处理”,意指立即向法院申请强制执行或者保全。为保障《民法典》中关于权利实现的规定得到有效实施,须妥当配置相关司法程序。“民事强制执行法”立法须注重与《民法典》的协调。

Many new rules on realization of civil rights have been provided in Chinese Civil Code,and should be interpreted combining with relevant judicial procedure rules.Article 581 of Chinese Civil Code provides for a rule on substitute execution;it should not be considered as a rule that recognizes a general right to restitution of expense for substitute performance,otherwise there would be confusion between it and the right to damages in lieu of performance,and the obligee’s right to specific performance could not be realized until he or she files two lawsuits.Article 642(2)is a general rule on secured party’s right to repossession by self-help.If a collateral cannot be repossessed peacefully,the compulsory enforcement procedure regarding delivery of a thing may be applied,and the secured party may dispose of the collateral by herself.The requirement for the aggrieved party to request“relevant State authorities to handle immediately”according to Article 1177(1)means that the aggrieved party must immediately apply to the court for compulsory enforcement or preservation.The effective enforcement of rules on realization of private rights in the Civil Code depends on proper judicial procedures.The legislation of the Civil Compulsory Enforcement Law should be coordinated with the Civil Code.