敦煌蒙书《武王家教》中的唐代富贵贫贱观念解析——以“十恶”为中心

An Analysis of the Tang Dynasty Concepts of Wealth, Poverty, and High and Low Status as Expressed in Wuwang Jiajiao(Teachings of King Wu)——Focusing on the “Ten Evils”

主要利用儒家经典、佛道典籍及相关传世文献对"十恶"诸种"恶行"的含义和文化渊源进行了考释,对其深层的价值观念进行了解析,并联系唐代相关蒙书,对其童蒙教育、家庭教育和社会教化的意图进行了分析。认为所谓"十恶"实为有悖中华民族的优秀传统"勤俭"的十种不良行为,也就是说决定家庭贫富与贵贱的关键是"勤俭",正好反映了在中晚唐自魏晋以来的士族已经衰落,门第观念已不是主导社会价值的决定因素。对普通大众而言,家庭成员是否能辛勤劳作、勤事家务,养成"勤俭"等良好家风,才是决定一个家庭富贵贫贱的关键。

This paper presents a textual study on the connotations and cultural origins of the "Ten Evils" by referencing Confucian classics, Buddhist and Taoist canonical texts, and related historical documents. The author then compares the various uses of this term in the elementary education textbooks of the Tang dynasty, analyzes the underlying concept of value expressed by these texts, and discusses the intentions for childhood education, family education, and socialization these textbooks imply. From the above analyses, it can be concluded that the "Ten Evils" are actually ten kinds of misbehaviors seen as contrary to the traditional Chinese ideal of being "hardworking and thrifty." This pair of virtues was seen as the key to determining whether a family would become wealthy or impoverished, of noble or lowly rank. The rise of money and status as the central ideals of mid-late Tang dynasty society reveal an anxiety that had concerned the aristocracy since the Wei and Jin dynasties, namely that the concept of family pedigree was no longer a determining factor in the structuring of civil society. Instead, for common people, whether or not one’s family members were "hardworking and thrifty" was the most significant factor in judging social value and achieving greater wealth and status.