环境友好型农业技术扩散的时空演化与影响因素——基于社会网络视角

The spatio-temporal pattern of environmentally-friendly agricultural technology diffusion and its influencing factors:From the social network perspective

面对严峻的农业面源污染问题,环境友好型农业技术的推广和落地对于中国实现乡村生态振兴和农业农村现代化具有重要意义。但现实中,该类型技术在乡村地区一直面临推广难,采纳度低的问题。以往众多研究证明,社会网络是技术扩散的有效途径和支撑。基于此,本文从社会网络的视角构建了农业技术创新扩散的理论框架,通过2016—2020年广东省农业面源污染治理的实践调研及10个县市3015份问卷数据的定量分析,总结出环境友好型农业技术扩散的四个阶段:(1)初始阶段:农户间简单离散的技术互动。(2)单核阶段:精英农户的点式嵌入与拟亲缘网络扩散。(3)多核阶段:多个精英农户形成与业缘关系网络扩散。(4)高水平互动阶段:农业经济组织的形成与功能性网络扩散。个体资源禀赋、技术有效性及感知度、技术传播方式和外部环境作为技术扩散的四个主要影响因素,在不同的阶段发挥着不同的作用。本研究成果有助于理解中国农业技术扩散的实践逻辑和底层机制,对同类技术推广有重要的政策意义。

Facing the severe problem of agricultural non-point source pollution, the diffusion and adoption of environmentally-friendly agricultural technology is of decisive significance to the modernization and the revitalization of ecology in rural China. However, environmentallyfriendly agricultural technology is currently hard to promote and with a low acceptance in rural areas. Previous studies have proved that social network is an effective way and foundation for technology diffusion. Correspondingly, this paper constructs a theoretical framework of environmentally-friendly agricultural technology innovation diffusion from the perspective of social networks. Through the quantitative analysis of questionnaire data of 3015 households in10 counties and cities of Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2020 and the fieldwork observation of non-point source agricultural pollution control in this province, this paper concludes that there are four stages of environment-friendly agricultural technology diffusion:(1) Initial stage: discrete and simple technical interaction among rural households emerges.(2) Single-core stage: single core such as elite farmer has formed and technology starts to diffuse through kinship network.(3) Multi-core stage: there have been several elite farmers and the diffusion goes through occupational network rather than kinship.(4) High-level interaction stage: agricultural economic organization and agricultural entrepreneur have been established;functional network has been formed. Behind the four stages, individual farmers keep on accumulating their own material, human and social capital to achieve the upgrade of their node level, also known as the process of technology diffusion, from disorder to formalization.Correspondingly, there are four main influencing factors of the diffusion of environmentallyfriendly agricultural technology: individual resource endowment, technology effectiveness and perception, technology diffusion channels and external environment. These factors play different roles in different stages. The results of this study can be beneficial to the understanding of the underlying mechanism of environmentally-friendly agricultural technology diffusion in rural China, and are of policy significance for the diffusion and adoption of similar technologies. According to the stage characteristics of the diffusion of new technology, the government needs to guide and promote the mode of communication in accordance with local conditions.