行政犯违法性认识错误不可避免的司法认定及其处理

Judicial Determination and Handling of Inevitable Illegal Cognition Mistake of Administrative Commitment

从实证数据来看,传统的"不知法不免责"仍潜移默化地影响法院处理行政犯违法性认识错误问题:判决书中大多数情况下予以回避,少数情况下采取不一而足的应对。应该将刑法责任主义作为指导实践中处理行政犯违法性认识错误的基本原理。当今世界绝大多数国家均在刑法典或者判例中确立了行政犯违法性认识错误的免责事由。刑法中应该规定行政犯违法性认识错误不可避免时减免责任的条款、刑事立法和司法解释中应该明确规定行政犯违法性认识错误不可避免的具体情形、违法性认识错误不可避免的证明责任,由被告人及其辩护律师承担,证明标准应该达到排除合理怀疑的程度、最高人民法院应该颁布一些违法性认识错误的指导性案例,以规范法院的审判活动。

Judging from the empirical data,the traditional doctrine "no exemption from the law without knowing the law" subtly influences the court to deal with the problem of the cognition error of administrative violation of law:it is avoided in most cases,and in a few cases,different responses are taken.The responsibility doctrine of criminal law should be taken as the basic principle to guide the handling of the cognition error of administrative offence.The vast majority of countries in the world today have established the exemption of the wrongful cognition of administrative offence in the criminal code or legal precedents.Relief of liability clause should be clearly stipulated in the the criminal law when administrative illegality cognition mistake is inevitable.The criminal legislation and judicial interpretations should clearly stipulate the specific situation of the inevitable cognition mistake of administrative offense.The burden of proof on inevitable illegality cognition errors shall be borne by the defendant and his lawyer.The standard of proof should reach the level of beyond reasonable doubt.The Supreme People’s Court should issue some guiding cases of errors in cognition of illegality to regulate the trial activities of the courts.