加拿大国家公园与原住居民互动演变历程和经验启示

Evolution and Enlightenment of the Interaction Between Canadian National Parks and Indigenous People

妥善处理与原住居民的关系,是国家公园成功建设的重要因素。加拿大国家公园管理部门基于实践情境与原住居民产生了多种类型的互动关系,其演变过程、驱动因素以及发展经验对我国国家公园管理和规划部门有效协调与原住居民的关系具有重要参考价值。文中将加拿大国家公园管理部门与原住居民的互动历程划分为排斥、召回与合作3个阶段,认为持续推进的原住居民治理研究、原住居民角色的法律界定、原住居民事宜的专业组织建立、伙伴关系工作程序的变革推进以及人力资源建设支持体系的建立,是驱动联邦管理部门与原住居民关系发生改变的根本因素;在此基础上提出对我国的经验启示:强化原住居民研究,拓展与其合作空间;促进原住居民权益保护立法,建立专业组织体系;支持原住居民伙伴关系建立,完善人力资源开发激励体系。

Properly addressing the relationship with indigenous people is an important factor for the successful development of national parks. Based on different practical scenarios, Canadian national park management authorities has come into various interactive relationships with indigenous people, and the evolutional processes, driving factors and experience learned would have important reference values for China’ s national parks planning & management authorities to effectively coordinate the relationship with indigenous peoples. The paper divides the interaction processes between Canadian national parks authorities and Canadian Indigenous people into 3 stages, i.e., the exclusion, the recall and the cooperation process. It is highlighted that the 5 fundamental driving factors to the change in the relationship between Parks Canada and indigenous peoples include continuous research on indigenous governance, legal interpretation of indigenous people’s roles, professional organization establishment for indigenous issues, partnership working procedure reform and human resource support system. Based on the analysis, the paper concludes the experience and lessons that China could learn, i.e., strengthened research on indigenous people to expand the cooperative space, sound legislation for the protection of the indigenous rights with professional organization system established, and establishment of partnership with indigenous people to develop a better incentive system for human resource development.