舆论与刑法的偏差式互动:刑事责任年龄个别下调的中国叙事

Deviant Interaction Between Public Opinion and Criminal Law:Chinese Narrative of the Individual Downgrade of Age for Criminal Responsibility

降低刑事责任年龄的舆论诉求与刑法回应已然发展成为一对既密切关联、又有所区别,甚至存在矛盾冲突的新力量,深度嵌入未成年人罪错行为治理的复杂格局之中。引入长短期记忆网络(LSTM)对14058条新浪微博相关评论文本进行情感分类,分别统计正向、中性、负向情感的高频词,可以数据化呈现社会舆论的具体诉求与刑法回应的实际效果。面对社会舆论对刑法功能的过度期许、对保护理念的极度排斥、对规范设置的明确否定,刑法采用了分散式功能叙说、不能“一放了之”的话语体系置换、年龄整体下调与多重限制并行的回应策略。然而,这一回应策略导致社会舆论对刑法的功能期许不降反升、保护与惩戒的理念认可度更加失衡、限制性规范存在异化风险。刑法应在理解、尊重社会舆论的演化逻辑与核心诉求的前提下,逐步缩小功能诉求与治理供给的偏差,以惩戒理念的强调带动保护理念的培植,寻找支持个别下调的正当性基础,探索“舆论诉求—刑法引导—社会互动”的“杜鹃—鸳鸯模式”。

The demands of public opinion and the response of criminal law to reduce the age for criminal responsibility have developed into new forces which are closely related, differentiated and contradictory. They are deeply embedded in the complex pattern of juvenile delinquency governance. Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) is introduced to classify 14058 comments on Sina Micro-blog, and high frequency words with positive, neutral and negative emotion are counted respectively, which can quantitatively present the specific appeal of public opinion and the practical effect of criminal law’s response. In the face of public opinion’s excessive expectations about the criminal law’s function, extreme rejection of the concept of protection, and the clear negation of norms, Chinese criminal law adopts a narrative of decentralization function, a discourse system that cannot be “let go” replacement and overall reduction with multiple restrictions. However, this kind of strategy leads to the public opinion’s expectation of the criminal law’s function of the reinforcement instead of the decline of the cognition of protection and punishment becoming more unbalanced, and the risk of alienation of the multiple restrictions norms. Under the premise of understanding and respecting the evolutionary logic and core demands of public opinion, Chinese criminal law should gradually narrow the deviation between functional demands and governance supply, promote the cultivation of protection ideas by emphasizing the concept of punishment, find the justification basis to support the individual downgrade, in order to explore the “Cuckoo-Mandarin Duck Model” of “Public Opinion Appeal-Criminal Law Guidance-Society Interaction”.