《民法典》第157条(法律行为无效之法律后果)评注

Comments on Article 157 of the Civil Code(the Consequences of Invalid Legal Action)

本条中“民事法律行为”既包括财产行为也包括身份行为,既包括负担行为也包括处分行为;“确定不发生效力”既包括效力待定法律行为终未获追认、已成立终未获审批的情形,也包括法律行为未成立的情形。本条中“财产”包括一切可转让的利益,就权利移转型合同而言,财产返还请求权系物权性的回复原状请求权,它主要指有形财产的占有回复和权利簿册记载的回复。折价补偿请求权为特殊的不当得利请求权,在合同无效清算场合,应一般性禁用《民法典》第986条得利丧失抗辩规则。损害赔偿请求权是一种特殊的缔约过失赔偿请求权,可适用于双方明知或应知合同违法、背俗而无效的场合。本条并非宣示性条款,它规定了三项独立的请求权基础。在法律对建设工程合同等特殊合同以及其他法律行为无效另有特别规定时,应各依该特别规定处理。

In this article, “legal acts” include both property acts and identity acts, including burden acts and sanctions acts. “Determined ineffectiveness” includes legal acts that have not yet been ratified and have been established but have not been approved. Circumstances also include situations where the contract is not established. “Property” in this article includes all transferable interests. The right to request property return is the right to request restoration of the original state of property rights. It mainly refers to the restoration of the possession of tangible property and the restoration of the records in the register of rights. The right to claim for compensation is a special right to claim for unjust enrichment, and Article 986 of the Civil Code should be generally forbidden. The right to claim damages is a special right to claim compensation for negligence in concluding a contract, which can be applied to situations where both parties know or should have known that the contract is illegal, null and void. This article is not a declarative clause, it stipulates three independent claims basis. Where the law has other special provisions on the invalidity of construction project contracts and other contracts, they shall be dealt with in accordance with those special provisions.