辽宁省建平县水泉遗址动物考古研究——兼论距今4000年前后北方长城沿线地区动物资源的利用策略

ZOOARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH AT THE SHUIQUAN SITE IN JIANPING COUNTY,LIAONING PROVINCE: DISCUSSION OF THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL REMAINS ALONG THE GREAT WALL IN NORTH CHINA AROUND 4000 A B.P.

作为草原丝绸之路的起点,辽西地区也是中华文明的起源地之一。文章对辽宁省建平县水泉遗址出土的动物骨骼进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明,在出土的409件可鉴定脊椎动物骨骼中,家猪(Sus domesticus)骨骼可鉴定标本数(NISP)占比为63.75%(最小个体数(MNI)为14件,占比35.90%),显示家猪为水泉遗址夏家店下层文化时期先民主要的肉食来源。以家猪为主的家畜饲养业,也侧面反映出该遗址相对发达的农业经济。绵羊(Ovis aries)和黄牛(Bos taurus)的骨骼NISP占比为22.22%(MNI为11件,占比28.21%),显示该遗址也存在畜牧经济成分。对比辽西地区不同区域的动物考古结果,可以发现该区域遗址出土家猪骨骼的NISP比重范围为51.44±12.31%(n=5),即均采用家猪饲养作为最主要的动物利用策略;而且东南部平原丘陵区少见的、以绵羊、黄牛为主的畜牧业多见于西北部山地丘陵区。此外,对比我国北方长城沿线地区自东向西31个考古遗址的动物考古研究结果认为,不同区域动物性资源获取及利用策略差异显著:辽东半岛和辽西地区丰富的降水促使这两个区域的农业在距今4000年前后得到了极大的发展,进一步导致家猪饲养成为重要的生业模式之一;但是在西部的河套地区,相对干旱的环境条件导致该地区只能支撑起以牛、羊畜牧经济为主的经济形态,其NISP所占比重最高可达82.62%,并且河套地区家养动物的NISP所占比重也远高于另外两个地区。

As an important starting point of the Grassland Silk Road,the Liaoxi Region is one of the origins of Chinese civilization. In this study,the animal remains were identified and analyzed to reveal the ancient history of the Shuiquan site( 41. 36°N,119. 61°E;altitude 585. 6 m) in Jianping County,Liaoning Province.“Chinese Handbook of Vertebrate Fossils”and “Animal Skeleton Atlas”are the main reference atlas for animal bone identification. On top of the animal bones,we also included three important quantitative indicators,namely the number of identifiable specimens( NISP),the minimum number of bone parts( MNE),and the minimum number of individuals( MNI).Among the 409 identifiable vertebrate bones unearthed from this site,the NISP of pig bones accounted for 63. 75%( MNI=14,35. 90%),indicating that pigs were the primary carnivorous food source for the ancient people during the Lower Xiajiadian period. The domination of the livestock( pig) breeding industry also implied that the agrarian economy was relatively developed in this site. The NISP of Ovis aries and Bos taurus bones,accounting for 22. 22%of all unearthed animal bones( MNI = 11,28. 21%),shows that animal husbandry also played a specific role in the past. Comparing the results of the zooarchaeological studies in different sites of the Liaoxi Region,we find that the proportion of NISP of pig bones unearthed from those sites is 51. 44± 12. 31%( n = 5),suggesting that domestic pig breeding was the dominating animal utilization strategy in this region. Nevertheless,sheep husbandry also existed in the hilly areas of the southwestern part of Liaoxi. In addition,there were significant differences in animal resource strategies between the eastern and the western parts of the Great Wall in North China. The abundant precipitation facilitated the substantial development in agriculture in the Liaodong Peninsula and Liaoxi region and further made domestic pig breeding one of the major production modes. However,humans had to depend on Bos taurus and Ovis aries animal husbandry owing to the relatively arid environmental conditions in the Hetao region,where the NISP of cattle and sheep accounting for up to 82. 62%,and the proportion of the NISP of domestic animals is also much higher than the Liaodong Peninsula and Liaoxi region.