环境考古视角下的丝绸之路早期城址:从河西走廊到中亚

ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EARLY WALLED SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE SILK ROAD: FROM HEXI CORRIDOR TO CENTRAL ASIA

根据年代和考古遗址的空间分布,对河西走廊东部民勤三角城、金昌三角城,新疆的奎玉克协海尔古城,以及中亚的Kyzyl tepa古城的年代、形状、筑造方式等做了对比,并分析了不同时期的古城址和同区域的考古文化遗址之间的空间关系。结果表明,这3个地区的古城址大致形成于相近的时代,且都是就地取材,充分利用原始的地势而筑城。城墙的筑造方式表现出鲜明的区域差异,民勤三角城、金昌三角城、奎玉克协海尔古城都是垒筑而成,Kyzyl tepa是中亚特色的塔-墙相结合方式,城墙有内外双层。在古城址形成的早期,三地的文化遗址的分布主要受河流的影响。而到了跨绿洲的道路网形成、丝绸之路开通以后,交通和贸易成为影响文化遗址空间分布的最重要力量。

The vast area from Hexi Corridor to Central Asia belongs to the so called Arid central Asia,characterized by dry climatic features. The study aims to implore the formation and evolution of earlier walled settlements and their spatial relationship with other archaeological sites in this area,based on the case study of Minqing Sanjiaocheng and Jinchang Sanjiaocheng in the eastern part of Hexi corridor,Kuiyukexiehaier in Xinjiang and Kyzyl tepa in Central Asia. Based on the14 C age and the spatial distribution of the archaeological sites,this study compares the age,shape and constructive methods of ancient walled settlements in Hexi Corridor,Xinjiang and Central Asia,and analyzes the spatial relationship between the walled settlements and other contemporary archaeological sites in the same region by the Standard Deviational Ellipse methods( SDE). The results show that the ancient walled settlements in these three areas are roughly appeared in similar periods: two of them in the eastern part of Hexi Corridor were built in the 9 t h~ 3 r d century BC,the site in Xinjiang was completed during the 6 t h~ 5 t h century BC,while the Kyzyl tepa in Central Asia was constructed in the 6 t h~ 4 t h century BC. Specifically,these ancient walled settlements were based on the mixed economic model of irrigation agriculture and animal husbandry in oases to adopt the arid environment. All of them used the local materials and took the advantage of original terrains to build walled settlements. The constructive methods of the wall show distinct regional differences: the wall in Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang was built by the way of preloading soil,contrasting adobe wall in Central Asia. In the early stage of the formation of the ancient walled settlements,the distribution of cultural sites in the three areas was mainly influenced by rivers. When the cross oases road network and the Silk Road was appeared,transportation and trade have become the most important factors impacting the spatial distribution of cultural sites.