福建汀江流域新石器—青铜时期聚落遗址分布特征及其环境背景

Distribution Characteristics and Environmental Background of the Settlements from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in the Tingjiang River basin,Fujian Province,China

加强区域文化与环境演变之间的关系研究对于更好地认识和理解人类文明进程、发展规律及其对于环境变化的响应具有重要意义。汀江流域是客家文化的分布集中区之一,也是中原农耕文化与东南海洋文明的交融区,在研究文化的传承、融合和衍替方面具有重要的地位。本文整理了汀江流域新石器时期到青铜时期574处聚落遗址信息,利用GIS空间分析方法和地理探测器分析方法,探究了该区域聚落遗址点的分布特征,分析了各自然地理因素对遗址分布密度的影响程度以及与环境演变的关系。研究结果表明:(1)汀江流域新石器时期和青铜时期聚落遗址主要分布在200~500 m的高程范围内;新石器时期遗址在坡向分布上以偏北为主,青铜时期以西和西南为主;两个时期遗址在坡度选择上偏好于3°~7°之间的缓坡;在濒河性方面,各时期遗址均具有逐河而居的特征。(2)在地理探测过程中,自然因素不同的分类办法、分类数量以及不同地理因素对遗址分布的决定力q值产生不同的结果。任意两个地理变量的交互作用对遗址分布所产生的q值,都要大于其中某一变量的作用,表明古人类聚落选址是考虑各自然因素的综合决策结果。(3)区域地貌特征是影响流域聚落遗址空间分布的主要因素,多数遗址分布于流域内的河谷地貌区内。在以全新世“大暖期”为基调的气候背景下,区域气候存在冷暖交替变化特征,这与汀江流域以及福建地区新石器时期以来的人类活动、文化演替等具有密切联系。研究初步建立了区域文化发展序列,并为揭示史前人类活动与自然环境的关系提供了参考。

Study on the relationship between regional culture and environmental evolution is of great significance for better understanding the process and development law of human civilization and its response to environmental change.The Tingjiang River basin,as a concentrated distribution area of Hakka culture,is the cultural convergence zone of Central Plains farming culture and southeast marine civilization,and plays an important role in the study of cultural inheritance,integration and evolution.In this paper,it sorted out the geographic information data of 574 settlement sites from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in the Tingjiang River basin.The distribution characteristics of the settlement sites and the influence degree of different geographical elements on the sites density were investigated using GIS and geographic detector,and the relationship between prehistoric culture and environmental evolution were analyzed.The results showed that:(1)The Neolithic and the Bronze Age settlement sites in the Tingjiang River basin were mainly distributed in the elevation range of 200~500 m.Most Neolithic sites were mainly north ward,while the Bronze Age sites were mainly west and southwest ward.Meanwhile,the sites of two periods were located on gentle slopes of 3°~7°and along the river;(2)In the process of geographical exploration,different classification methods,classification quantity of natural factors and different geographical factors had different results of the q value,which was the decisive force of geographical factors on the distribution of sites.The q value generated by the interaction of any two geographical variables on site distribution was greater than that generated by one geographical variable,indicating that the site selection of ancient human settlements was the result of comprehensive decision taking all kinds of natural factor into consideration;(3)The regional geomorphic characteristics were the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of the settlement sites,and most of the sites were distributed in valley.During the Great Warm Period of Holocene,the regional climate alternated between cold and warm,which was closely related to the human activities and cultural succession in the Tingjiang River basin and Fujian province since the Neolithic Age.This study preliminarily establishes the cultural development sequence of the region,and provides a reference for revealing the relationship between prehistoric human activities and natural environment.