基于生态补偿分析的山区“造血式”补偿模式探讨——以太行山河北段为例

A“Hematopoietic Ecological Compensation”Mode Appliable to the Hebei Sections of the Taihang Mountain Area,China

太行山区生态地位重要,过渡性地理空间导致生境多样,生态资源比较丰富,但山区经济社会发展不平衡,而生态补偿是解决区域间不公平、缩小差距的有效手段。目前太行山区的补偿方式多以“输血式”的横向或纵向财政支付为主,惠农性差,具有不可持续性,探讨可持续的“造血式”生态补偿模式是实现山区生态资源高效利用与可持续发展的关键。本文以太行山区河北段28个县为研究对象,测算其生态系统服务价值与补偿量并探讨其变化特征,在此基础上提出基于“经济价值—生态服务价值—生态补偿量”(GDP-ESV-EC)的分类原则,将研究区分为发展区、平衡区与提升区。结果表明:(1)太行山区生态系统服务价值与生态补偿量在空间上均呈“北高中南低”的分布特征,与地理空间过渡性与差异性有关。(2)基于“GDP-ESV-EC”变化特征,将研究区划分为发展区(GDP与ESV均有显著提升)、提升区(GDP与ESV下降)与平衡区。发展区涉及县市有武安、涉县、沙河、邢台市辖区与易县5个,提升区主要包括顺平、阳原与磁县,其他县处平衡状态。(3)提升区应参考发展区发展模式,结合区域资源特征探索“二产转三产(尤其是生态旅游业)”与“粗放生产转绿色生产”2种产业转型方式,以不同主体参与的市场化运作的生态补偿机制为核心,鼓励生态消费区企业积极参与生态补偿区的产业转型与绿色产业建设,提高生态输出区的“造血”功能,实现双赢。(4)建设用地规模与地区生态补偿量存在互馈关系,这也是山区保护与发展关系权衡的关键之一。研究结果可为解决太行山生态功能区内生动力不足问题提供参考,为山区生态补偿工作提供新的思路。

Ecological compensation is an effective means to eliminate the disparity in economy between developing regions.Most of the fiscal compensation in the Taihang Mountains was organized by government by horizontal or vertical financial transfer payments,like as"blood transfusion".Unfortunately,they were poorly beneficial to farmers and impossibly sustainable.To work out a sustainable model of"hematopoietic ecological compensation"is the key to realize the efficient utilization and sustainable development of ecological resources in mountainous areas of China.Taihang Mountain plays a significant ecological role in providing water conservation for North China Plain.Although the transitional geo-space in the Taihang Mountain area leads to diverse habitats and rich ecological resources,its economic and social development is severely unbalanced between developing regions.In this study,28 counties in the Hebei sections of the Taihang Mountain area were selected for a comprehensive investigation into ecological compensation priorities and compensation volumes,and their change characteristics.Then,a classification principle was given to categorize the research areas of interests into three zones according to their economic value(GDP),ecological service value(ESV)and ecological compensation amount(EC).Research findings are those:(1)Ecosystem service value and ecological compensation volume were high in the north of the Taihang Mountain area,but low in the central and the south,which were pertinent to the geospatial transition and spatial heterogeneity in geo-environment.(2)In view of the variation pattern of GDP-ESV-EC,the study regions were divided into three zones,a developed region(both GDP and ESV increased significantly),a developing region(GDP and ESV decreased)and a balance region.The developed region comprised five counties and cities,including Wu an,Shexian,Shahe,Xingtai urban area and Yi county.The developing region mainly covered Shunping,Yangyuan and Zi county.And the remained out of 28 counties were in a balanced state.(3)The developing region is necessary to follow the development pattern to be used in the developed region.In accordance with the availability of local resources,it is imperative for the developing region to exercise two types of industrial transformation and upgrading;One is to transform from secondary production to tertiary production(especially eco-tourism)and another is to insist green production instead of extensive production.It is also needed to exert a core function of ecological compensation mechanism on market operation with different market subjects.Enterprises located in ecological consumption region are encouraged to enter ecological compensation regions to actively participate in industrial transformation and green industry,and to improve the“hematopoietic”function of the ecological output region and to achieve a win-win situation.(4)There is a reciprocal feedback relationship between the scale of construction lands and the amount of ecological compensation in the research regions of interest,which is also one of the keys to balance the relationship between the protection and development of mountainous areas.The research can provide a reference for solving the problem of insufficient endogenous power in the ecological function area of Taihang Mountain and provides new insight for ecological compensation works in mountainous areas.