植物多糖在鱼类养殖中的应用研究进展

Application and Research Progress of Plant Polysaccharides in Fish Breeding

近年来,我国的水产品需求不断增大,养殖规模发展迅速并不断扩大,但在鱼类养殖过程中常常出现各种疾病制约水产业绿色健康和可持续发展。在食品安全与人口持续增长的双重压力下,传统的疫苗、抗生素等化学药品在养殖过程中长期使用引起的药物残留、抗药性、水体污染等问题,已经严重威胁到鱼类养殖行业的持续健康发展,且不符合现代健康养殖的需求。因此,发掘安全有效的药物替代品成为研究的热点。而植物多糖由于具有抗氧化、免疫等生物活性,可以用作提高鱼类生长性能、增强免疫力的有效刺激剂,在鱼类养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。综述了鱼类养殖过程中植物多糖对鱼类生长、抗菌抗病、免疫、抗氧化和血糖血脂等方面影响的研究进展,并对未来研究从3个方面进行了展望:即从细胞和分子层面研究植物多糖对鱼类免疫性能、抗菌抗病、抗氧化等影响的相关作用机制;研究植物多糖与其他物质联合使用的协同作用效果;利用植物多糖的抗氧化、提高免疫性能、降血糖血脂等优点,将植物多糖与其他食品原料进行复合,开发功能性食品等。

In recent years,the demand for aquatic products in our country has continued to increase,and the scale of aquaculture has developed rapidly and continuously expanded.However,various diseases that often accompany fish breeding process restrict green,healthy and sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.Under the dual pressure of food safety and continuous population growth,the long-term use of traditional vaccines,antibiotics and other chemicals in the breeding process has caused problems such as drug residues,drug resistance,and water pollution,which has seriously threatened the continued healthy development of fish breeding industry,and does not meet needs of modern healthy breeding.Therefore,finding safe and effective drug alternatives has become a research focus.Plant polysaccharides can be used as effective stimulants to improve fish growth performance and enhance immunity due to their biological activities such as antioxidant and immunity,and have broad application prospects in fish breeding.This paper reviewed the research progress of effects of plant polysaccharides on fish growth,bacterium and disease resistance,immunity,antioxidation,and blood sugar and lipid in the process of fish breeding.In addition,prospect of research in the future was conducted from three aspects:research on mechanism of action of plant polysaccharides on immunity performance,bacterium and disease resistance,and antioxidation of fish at the cellular and molecular level;research on effect of synergistic action of combined utilization of plant polysaccharides and other substances;exploitation of functional food synthesized from plant polysaccharides and other materials applying the advantages of plant polysaccharides such as antioxidation,improvement of immunity,and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic performance.