稻壳基材料应用于水污染治理领域的研究进展

Research Progress of Rice Husk Based Materials in the Field of Water Pollution Control

随着工业的快速发展,电镀设备、采矿、纺织等行业排放的废水含有大量的重金属离子和有机污染物,这些污染物严重危害人类的身体健康。因此,如何快速有效地处理水体中的重金属离子和有机污染物是环境修复领域中亟待解决的问题。稻壳因具有来源广泛、可再生、环境友好等特点而被广泛应用于吸附材料和光催化材料领域。大量研究表明,稻壳能够去除污染水体中重金属离子和有机物的种类很多,但是对大多数污染物的去除能力不强,难以在实际应用中得到进一步推广。以稻壳为基体材料制备有高效去除能力的功能性材料,是近几年环境修复领域的研究热点。目前,研究者尝试以炭化、化学修饰等方式对稻壳改性,从而增大比表面积、孔隙率或者增加含氧官能团的数量,吸附性能也能随之改善,但是以上改性后的稻壳材料存在吸附能力弱和容易产生二次污染等问题。研究发现,负载Fe_(3)O_(4)制备的磁性稻壳生物炭复合材料,不仅吸附性能强,且具有易分离、稳定性强、不会对环境造成二次污染等优点,这为稻壳基材料在实际应用的推广奠定了基础。另外,有研究报道,将稻壳中的SiO_(2)作为半导体光催化剂(如TiO_(2)、Ni_(2)O_(3))的载体可提高其光催化性能、回收利用率,使其在光学领域具有良好的使用性能。本文综述了稻壳材料本身的特性和改性稻壳制备稻壳基吸附剂的方法,讨论了稻壳基及其复合材料在水污染治理领域中作为吸附剂和光催化剂的应用。从不同类型的污染物角度出发,论述了稻壳基材料针对重金属离子、有机污染物处理过程中稻壳掺杂材料功能及体系作用机理的影响,还分析了影响污染物吸附的重要因素,最后对目前稻壳基材料在水治理领域应用进行了总结和对今后的研究方向做了展望。

With the rapid development of industry,wastewater discharged from electroplating equipment,mining,textile and other industries contains a large amount of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants,which seriously endangers human health.Therefore,how to quickly and effectively treat heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in water bodies is an urgent problem in the field of environmental remediation.Rice husk is widely used in the fields of adsorption materials and photocatalytic materials because of its wide-source,renewable,and environmentally friendly characteristics.Alarge number of studies have shown that rice husk can remove many types of heavy metal ions and organic matter in polluted water,but its ability to remove most pollutants is not strong,and it is difficult to be further promoted in practical applications.Using rice husk as a matrix material to prepare functional materials with efficient removal ability has been a research hotspot in the field of environmental remediation in recent years.At present,researchers are trying to modify the rice husk by carbonization and chemical modification to increase the specific surface area and porosity,or increase the number of oxygen-containing functional groups,with the adsorption performance also improved.However,the above modified rice husk materials have problems such as weak adsorption capacity and easy secondary pollution.The study found that the magnetic rice husk biochar composite material prepared by loading Fe_(3)O_(4) not only has strong adsorption performance,but also has the advantages of easy separation,strong stability,and no secondary pollution to the environment.It is a rice husk-based material in practical applications and the promotion laid the foundation.In addition,studies have reported that using SiO_(2) in rice husk as a support for semiconductor photocatalysts(such as TiO_(2),Ni_(2)O_(3))can improve its photocatalytic performance and recycling rate,making it have good performance in the optical field.This article reviews the properties of rice husk itself and the methods of preparing rice husk-based adsorbent by modified rice husk,and discusses the application of rice husk-based and its composite materials as adsorbents and photocatalysts in the field of water pollution control.From the perspective of different types of pollutants,this paper discusses the effects of rice husk doping material function and system action mechanism in the treatment of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants.It also analyzes the important factors affecting the adsorption of pollutants.The application of materials in the field of water treatment is summarized and future research directions are prospected.