树上干杏壁蜂授粉技术对坐果率的影响

Effects of Pollination Technology on Fruit Setting Rate of Shushanggan Apricot by Osmia Bees

为解决伊犁河谷树上干杏授粉率低、坐果少、产量普遍较低的问题,引进壁蜂开展树上干杏壁蜂授粉效应研究。结果表明:放蜂后5 d内绝大部分成蜂破茧出巢,出蜂率在72%以上,在树上干杏初花期前5 d释放壁蜂效果好。使用芦苇管且管径在7~8 mm,同时在壁蜂释放后至树上干杏整个开花期,保证巢箱前小土坑内土壤湿润,可大大提高壁蜂回巢率。制作壁蜂蜂箱,且蜂箱口应朝东,箱前不要有障碍物,蜂箱安放后,在整个放蜂期间禁止移动,便于成蜂回巢。放蜂区树上干杏坐果率为38.28%,比对照区自然授粉提高14.82百分点。壁蜂授粉可以显著增加单果重和果形指数,但并未对果实硬度和果实可溶性固形物含量产生明显影响。

In order to solve the outstanding problems such as extremely low pollination rate,less fruit setting and generally low yield of Shushanggan apricot in Ili River Valley,we studied the pollination effect of Shushanggan apricot by introducing Osmia bees.The results showed that within 5 days after bee placement,most adult bees break their cocoons and emerge from their nests,and the emergence rate was over 72%.The Osmia bees were released 5 days before the first flowering period of Shushanggan apricot,and recovered after flowering.The recovery of Osmia bees and fruit setting of Shushanggan apricot were investigated and counted.Using reed pipes with a diameter of 7-8 mm and keeping the soil moist in the small pit in front of the nest box during the whole flowering period of Shushanggan apricot after the release of the Osmia bees can greatly improve the rate of the Osmia bees returning to the nest.Make a beehive of Osmia bees,with its mouth facing east and no obstacles in front of the beehive.After the beehive is placed,it is forbidden to move during the whole period of releasing bees,so as to facilitate adults to return to their nests.The fruit setting rate of Shushanggan apricot in bee-releasing area was 38.28%.Compared with natural pollination in the control area,it increased by 14.82 percentage point.Pollination with Osmia bees could significantly increase the single fruit weight and fruit shape index,but had no significant effect on fruit hardness and soluble solid content.