足球小场地比赛与教学比赛外部负荷特征的对比研究

A Comparative Study on External Load of Friendly Matches and Small Side Game

目的探究女足运动员在小场地比赛和教学比赛中的外部负荷特征差异。方法采用电子可穿戴设备,对16名江苏省U18女足的小场地比赛(包括4对4、7对7附门将)及教学比赛进行为期9周的外部负荷监控并进行量化分析。结果小场地比赛和教学比赛中各跑速区间占比均有非常显著的差异(p<0.001,η^(2)=0.125~0.521),4对4低速跑较多,7对7附门将中速跑较多,教学比赛中高速跑较多;教学比赛中高强度加速负荷显著高于小场地比赛(p=0.016,η^(2)=0.023),中低强度加速负荷、总减速负荷以及等效距离指数均显著低于小场地比赛(p<0.001,η^(2)=0.09~0.712);教学比赛中反复高强度动作的总回合数显著高于小场地比赛(p≤0.001,η^(2)=0.717),平均动作次数和最多动作次数显著低于小场地比赛(p≤0.001,η^(2)=0.229~0.526),4对4中平均动作时间和最长动作时间均显著低于7对7附门将和教学比赛(p≤0.001,η^(2)=0.409~0.517)。结论小场地比赛无法达到教学比赛的高速跑动负荷,但小场地比赛中变速、变向以及弹跳的负荷强度高于教学比赛,可以作为提高运动员无氧反复变向、冲刺能力以及爆发力素质的训练手段。同时,其对抗强度高于教学比赛,对技术能力和动作速度要求较高,可以模拟比赛中较为密集的局部场景。

Objective To explore the different characteristics of external load differences of female football players in small side game and friendly matche.Methods The external load of 16 U18 women's football team in Jiangsu Province(including 4 VS 4,7 VS 7 with goalkeepers)and friendly matches was monitored and analyzed quantitatively for 9 weeks by using electronic wearable devices.Results There are very significant differences in the proportion of each running speed interval between small side games and friendly matches(p<0.001),η^(2)=0.125~0.521),more low speed running in 4 VS 4,more medium speed running in 7 VS 7 with goalkeepers,and more high speed running in friendly matches.And the high-intensity acceleration load in friendly matches is significantly higher than that in small side game(p=0.016,η^(2)=0.023),the medium and low intensity acceleration load,total deceleration load and equivalent distance index were significantly lower than those of small side games(p<0.001,η^(2)=0.09~0.712)Furthermore,the total number of rounds of repeated high-intensity efforts in friendly matches was significantly higher than that in small side games(p≤0.001,η^(2)=0.717),the average number of efforts and the maximum number of efforts were significantly lower than those in small side games(p≤0.001,η^(2)=0.229~0.526),the average effort time and the longest effort time of 4 VS 4 were significantly lower than those of 7 VS 7 goalkeepers and friendly matches(p≤0.001,η^(2)=0.409~0.517)。Conclusion Small side games cannot achieve the high-speed running load of friendly matches,but the load intensity of acceleration,deceleration,direction changing and bounce in small side games is higher than that in friendly matches.It can be used as a training drill to improve the athletes'ability of anaerobic repeated direction changing,sprint and explosive quality.The confrontation intensity of small side games is higher than that of friendly matches.It has higher requirements for technical ability and action speed,and can simulate more intensive local scenes in the friendly matches.