从原则到例外:《民法典》时间效力规则的体系化展开

From Principle to Exception: the System of the Rules of Time Validity of the Civil Code

《民法典》施行前发生的法律事实引起的民事纠纷案件,涉及《民法典》可否溯及适用的问题。原则上,《民法典》不溯及既往。对于一时性法律事实,应当适用当时的法律、司法解释的规定,不适用《民法典》的规定;对于持续性法律事实,在一般情形下即行适用《民法典》的规定,涉及合同履行争议时分段适用《民法典》的规定。有利追溯、空白追溯作为《民法典》溯及既往的例外,在适用范围上互为补充,在构成要件上互相牵制,在法律效果上层次分明。不过,即使在有利追溯、空白追溯的例外情形下,《民法典》的溯及力也是有限度的,要受到既判力的约束。

The civil disputes arising from the legal facts that occurred before the implementation of the Civil Code involve the question of whether the Civil Code can be applied. In principle, the Civil Code should not be retrospective. As for the legal facts of a current nature, the provisions of the law and judicial interpretation of the time shall be applied, and the provisions of the Civil Code shall not apply. In the case of continuing legal facts, the provisions of the Civil Code should generally be applied immediately, and in the case of disputes over the performance of contracts, the provisions of the Civil Code should be applied in sub-paragraphs. Favorable retroactivity and blank retroactivity as exceptions to the Civil Code retrospective, complement each other in the scope of application, are mutually contained in the elements of the composition, and are clearly divided in the legal effect. However, the retrospective power of the Civil Code is limited. It is bound by judgment.