美国大学社会服务职能演进与转型

Historical Change and Transformation of Social Service Function in American Universities

美国大学社会服务职能萌芽于19世纪后期,其意涵与形式伴随美国社会和高等教育发展逐渐丰富和多元,先后历经以"知识传播和技术推广"促进农业技术变革、以"技术转移和成果转化"推动工业繁荣、以"参与型学术"引领社会发展的不同阶段并发挥了积极社会影响。以参与型学术为代表的新一轮学术革命撬动了社会服务职能转型,其价值理念从功利化回应外部需求转向公共性主动参与;其职能定位从人才培养、科学研究之间的隔离走向整合;其服务路径从单向度提供服务转向多向度伙伴式合作。美国大学社会服务职能演进纵向考察及其转型特征条分缕析,有利于更好理解其内涵与价值,为我国高校践行"扎根中国大地办大学"的发展观提供借鉴。

The social service function of American universities sprouted in the late 19 th century, and its meaning and form gradually enriched and diversified with the development of American society and higher education. Its development has gone through the following stages and played a positive role: promote agricultural technology change with “knowledge dissemination and technology extension”, pry industrial prosperity with “transfer and transformation of science and technology”, and lead social development with the practice of “the scholarship of engagement”. The new round of academic revolution represented by the scholarship of engagement has led to the transformation of social service functions. Its changes from utilitarian response to social needs to focusing on social publicity, from isolation to integration with other functions, and from one-way service to interactive cooperation. It helps us to better understand the implication and value of the third mission of higher education, and provide useful experience for Chinese universities to practice the development concept of striking the roots in China to build universities with Chinese characteristic through the systematic investigation of the historical changes of social service functions in American universities and the detailed analysis of its transformation.