论我国法上“滥用”的判断标准

Analysis on the Standards of “Abuse” in Chinese Law

权利(权力)皆有边界,不应被不正当行使。我国法律关于“滥用”的表述具体涵盖“滥用权利”“滥用权力”以及“滥用地位”三种类型,其成立的前提在于行为主体存在基础性权限并实际行使了该权限。然而,何种情形下构成“滥用”,在理论言说与司法实践上却众说纷纭。不同类型下“滥用”的判断标准有所不同,但对于“滥用”行为本身的判断也存在一定的元标准。应当明确主观过错作为滥用行为考察要素的必要性,同时在行为人主观方面难以查明的情况下,采用客观兼主观的推理逻辑对主观过错进行认定,考察客观行为是否符合法律之目的精神,以最小伤害原则为尺度,以社会一般观念为限度,结合相对人受损程度与行为人获益程度的合比例性考量以及特定情形下的正当性考量,以推定行为人之主观过错,对“滥用”行为进行主客观相结合的判断。

All rights(powers)have boundaries and should not be exercised improperly.The expression of"abuse"in Chinese law specifically covers three types,i.e."abuse of rights","abuse of power"and"abuse of status"and the prerequisite is the fact that the actor has basic authority and exercise such authority.However,there are divergent opinions on constituent elements of"abuse"in theory and judicial practice.Although there are different standards for"abuse"in dif-ferent types,there are certain meta-criteria for the judgment of"abuse"behavior itself.It is nec-essary to clarify the necessity of subjective fault as an element of abuse.At the same time,when it is difficult to identify the actor's subjective aspects,the objective and subjective reasoning should be adopted to determine the subjective fault and examine whether the behavior conforms to the spirit and the purpose of the law by considering the minimum damage,the general public opinion and the proportionality of the damage to the injured and the benefits to the actor,as well as considering the legitimacy under specific circumstances,to presume the subjective fault of the actor,to make a combination of subjective and objective judgments on"abuse"behavior.