圣化与神化:论早期罗马帝国奥古斯都崇拜的形成和传播

Deification and Sanctification:The Formation and Transmission of Augustus Worship in the Early Roman Empire

在希腊化世界尤其是马其顿和埃及托勒密王国,神化王权和王权崇拜成为王政的重要特点。罗马共和早期以来就形成了厌恶王权的历史记忆和拥护共和的民族心态,共和晚期以来逐渐将政治人物和神联系起来,恺撒成为首个被官方承认的“神”。奥古斯都在“共和外衣”下建立了元首制,并亲任大祭司长,营造“阿波罗之子”的神格身份。社会舆论积极回应奥古斯都的神化运动,奥古斯都崇拜从罗马扩展到意大利并在行省广泛传播。在罗马人看来,奥古斯都是人类之首,是神之末。元老院在奥古斯都死后建立国家神庙,完成了“造神”过程,形成奥古斯都崇拜的惯例。奥古斯都崇拜既具有宗教色彩,更是一种政治手段,实现了王权和祭坛的有机结合,成为早期罗马帝国元首制的鲜明特点。

From the Hellenistic period,especially the Macedonian and the Egyptian Ptolemaic Kingdom,deifying kingship and king worship became the important characteristic of the kingship.In Rome,the early republic in the historical memory of the aversion to the monarchy and support republican national mentality.Caesar became the first“God”ruler in Romans.Augustus established the Principate under“the cloak of the republic”,with the title of“princeps”at the end of the Republic,and became pontifex,posing as“Apollo’s Son”.Public opinion actively promoted and responded to the deification movement of princeps.Augustus worship extended from Rome to Italy and spread widely in the empire.In the eyes of the Romans,Augustus was between men and God,Maximus and the last of God.The Senate after the death of the Augustus to establish a national temple,completed the deification“God”movement,the formation of the early Roman Empire deified the practice of Augustus.Augustus worship was not only a religious but also a political means to realize the organic combination of“Kingship and Altar”,which became the distinctive feature of Principate of the early Roman Empire.