Shell evolution in neutron-rich nuclei:the single particle perspective

The isospin dependence of spin-orbit(SO)splitting becomes increasingly important as N/Z increases in neutron-rich nuclei.Following the initial independent-particle strategy toward explaining the occurrence of magic numbers,we systematically investigated the isospin effect on the shell evolution in neutron-rich nuclei within the Woods-Saxon mean-field potential and the SO term.It is found that new magic numbers N=14 and N=16 may emerge in neutron-rich nuclei if one changes the sign of the isospin-dependent term in the SO coupling,whereas the traditional magic number,N=20,may disappear.The magic number N=28 is expected to be destroyed despite the sign choice of the isospin part in the SO splitting,corresponding to the strength of the SO coupling term.Meanwhile,the N=50 and 82 shells may persist within the single particle scheme,although there is a decreasing trend of their gaps toward extreme proton-deficient nuclei.Besides,an appreciable energy gap appears at N=32 and 34 in neutron-rich Ca isotopes.All these results are more consistent with those of the interacting shell model when enhancing the strength of the SO potential in the independent particle model.The present study may provide a more reasonable starting point than the existing one for not only the interacting shell model but also other nuclear many-body calculations toward the neutron-dripline of the Segrèchart.