祭祖与礼佛:紫禁城养心殿一区的佛堂与清帝的信仰

Sacrifice to Ancestors and Worship to Buddha:The Buddhist Family Shrine in the Hall of Mental Cultivation of Forbidden City and the Qing Emperors’Religion

自雍正以降,养心殿一区成为清代宫廷的政治枢纽和帝王生活起居之所,其中至少分布着四个佛堂区。通过对这些佛堂及其内部供奉的梳理,作者发现该区域的佛堂以藏传佛教佛堂规模最大;而同样以佛堂命名的东佛堂(东配殿),其实是以祭祖为主要功能的亦佛堂亦宗庙的建筑;此外在养心殿天花上还供有雍正九年安奉的藏汉佛教与道教混合的五块一组符板。作者认为,养心殿一区佛堂体现出汉藏佛教、汉地传统祖先崇拜与清宫满族传统信仰等多元并存的现象,清帝在对待祭祖、佛教与道教方面表现出实用主义的态度。

The Forbidden City’s Hall of Mental Cultivation serving as the political center and the living quarters of the Qing emperors ever since Emperor Yongzhen(雍正)had at least four family halls for the royalty to worship the Buddha,with the Tibetan Buddhist shrine as the largest of all.The east-side hall,while called eastern Buddha hall,actually functioned as both the worshipping hall and the ancestral shrine.The amulet board(Fúbǎn in Chinese pinyin,the symbol of magic power to bring good luck and protect someone or something from evil)with the mixed Han-Tibetan Buddhism and Taoism was enshrined in groups of five over the lattice ceiling(Tiān Huā)of the Hall of Mental Cultivation.The Buddhist hall assembled the Han-Tibetan Buddhism,the traditional Han ancestor-worship and the Qing court’s Manchu’s faith,which embodied the Qing Emperors’pragmatic attitude towards ancestor worship,Buddhism and Taoism in practice.