常州市水环境中精神活性物质污染特征与生态风险

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Psychoactive Substances in Aqueous Environment of Changzhou City

为评估精神活性物质(psychoactive substances,PSs)在常州市水环境中的污染特征、潜在来源及生态风险,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,检测了地表水(湖泊、河流及饮用水源水)中13种典型PSs的污染水平和分布特征.结果表明:常州市湖泊、河流及饮用水源水三类地表水中甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine,METH)、苯丙胺(amphetamine,AMP)、3,4-亚甲基二氧基苯丙胺(3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine,MDA)、海洛因(heroin,HR)、氯胺酮(ketamine,KET)、美沙酮(methadone,MET)及麻黄碱(ephedrine,EPH)均有不同程度检出.ΣPSs(13种典型PSs)的检出浓度范围为0.67~39.03 ng/L,其中在河流中的检出频率和浓度较高,EPH(0.23~21.98 ng/L)和METH(nd~8.47 ng/L)是检出浓度和频率较高的单体目标物.采用主成分分析对PSs的来源进行解析,发现医院、生活污水的直接排放以及污水处理厂出水可能是常州水体中PSs的主要来源.对常州市水环境中PSs进行生态风险评估,发现新浮山水库及长荡湖中MET对水生生物具有低风险〔0.01<RQ(risk quotient)<0.1〕,其余采样点的RQ<0.01.研究显示,常州市水环境中的主要滥用药物为EPH和METH,虽然PSs对水生生物产生的生态风险可忽略不计,但是PSs对水生生态系统的长期风险仍需引起关注.

In order to assess the contamination characteristics,potential sources and ecological risks of psychoactive substances(PSs)in the water environment of Changzhou City,the contamination levels and distribution characteristics of 13 typical psychoactive substances in surface water(lakes,rivers and drinking water)in Changzhou were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).Methamphetamine,amphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine,heroin,ketamine,methadone and ephedrine were detected to varying degrees.The detected concentrations of ΣPSs in the three types of surface waters ranged from 0.67 ng/L to 39.03 ng/L,and the frequency and concentration of ΣPSs in surface waters and rivers were higher than in drinking water.The monomer target with the highest detection concentration and frequency was EPH(0.23-21.98 ng/L),followed by METH(nd-8.47 ng/L).Among all sampling locations,the Wunan River located in the lower reaches of Gehu Lake had the highest detection concentration(EPH at 21.98 ng/L).Principal component analysis was used to analyze the sources of PSs,indicating that the direct discharge of hospitals and domestic sewage and the effluent from sewage treatment plants may be the main sources of PSs in Changzhou′s water bodies.The ecological risk assessment of PSs in the water environment of Changzhou City showed that MET in Xinfushan Reservoir and Changdang Lake had low risk to aquatic organisms(0.01<(risk quotient,RQ)<0.1),and the risk quotients in the remaining locations were less than 0.01.This research shows that the main drugs of abuse in the water environment of Changzhou City were EPH and METH.The ecological risks of PSs to aquatic organisms are negligible,but the long-term risks of PSs to aquatic ecosystems still need attention.