从《歧路灯》看河南话中的“看”字用法

The Usages of“Kan(看)”in the Henan Dialect from QiLuDeng(《歧路灯》)

《歧路灯》中的“看”字主要有六种用法:“看”字叠用,“X+看”“XX+看”“看+X”,“看+N”,“看+了”“看+着”“看+是”“看+得(的)”,“看+V+N”“看+句子”,“看”字单独使用等。在现代河南话中,“看”字基本沿袭了清代的用法,并进一步虚化出无实际意义,仅表示某种提醒或责备语气的用法。从历时演变方面考察,“看”字在先秦两汉时期用例较少;汉代以后,用例逐渐增多,出现了“看+X”和“X+看”等连动结构;近代以后,“看”字的使用更加频繁,出现了“看”字叠用作副词,以及“看”字用于句首表示某种提醒或否定语气等用法。就整个演化进程而言,“看”的虚化程度体现出从弱到强的发展趋势。

There are six main usages of“kan(看)”in QiLuDeng(《歧路灯》):the word“kan(看)”is used repeatedly,“X+kan(看)”“XX+kan(看)”“kan(看)+X”,“kan(看)+N”,“kan(看)+le(了)”“kan(看)+zhe(着)”“kan(看)+shi(是)”“kan(看)+de(得)”,“kan(看)+V+N”“kan(看)+sentence”,“kan(看)”is used alone.Modern Henan dialect follows the usages of“kan(看)”in the Qing Dynasty.The word“kan(看)”is further blurred and has no practical meaning,and it merely expresses a certain reminder or blame.In terms of diachronic evolution,the“kan(看)”was used less frequently in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties.After the Han dynasty,the use cases gradually increased,and the linkage structure of“kan(看)+X”and“X+kan(看)”appeared.In modern times,the usages of“Kan(看)”became more frequent.There are usages of“kan(看)”as an adverb,and“kan(看)”at the beginning of a sentence to indicate a certain reminder or negative tone.The degree of blur is from weak to strong.