能动与受动:道咸新学表现的转折与“冲击/反应”模式

Self-agency and Responses:The Turnaround Represented by the“New Learning”During the Daoguang and Xianfeng Periods and the“Impact-Response”Model

道咸新学是清代学术史上的一个重要转折,其“务为前人所不为”的态度既是学问的自然扩展,也显露出明显的“造反”意味,使清代学术在很大程度上游离出明清之际开创的风气。经学内部治学空间、门类和取向逐渐外移,而此前臣服于“汉学专制”的“一切诸学”从边缘走向中心。道咸新学体现了中国传统学术的多元性和开放性,对冲击中国的西教和西学做出了不同的反应,在不断受动中仍保持了能动。由于西潮冲击带来更大的转变,且西学稍后占据“新学”之名,致使道咸“新学”在学术史上呈失语状态。梳理学术史上这一重大转折,探究这一不待西潮冲击先已出现的自身变动与稍后席卷中国之西学的关联互动,对理解西潮冲击的实际影响,以及将中西各自整体化的“冲击/反应”解释模式,都有所助益。

Representing an important turnaround in the intellectual history of the Qing Era,the“New Learning”During the Daoguang and Xianfeng Periods(the Dao-Xian New Learning)advocated an attitude that stressed creativity in intellectual studies.Reflecting a natural tendency towards broadening the scope of knowledge notwithstanding,such an attitude exhibited an evident“rebellion”mentality,which to some extent deviated from the mainstream mentalities among intellectuals during late Ming and early Qing.The scope,categories and orientations of Confucian classics studies became increasingly extroversive while“other categories of knowledge”,once subordinate to Confucian classics studies,moved from the periphery to the spotlight,the Dao-Xian New Learning demonstrated the diversity and inclusiveness of traditional Chinese scholarship,which responded differently to western religions and western knowledge and maintained its self-agency during a turbulent time.Confronted by the dramatic changes wrought by the shocks from the West,the Dao-Xian New Learning were largely neglected in the academic history.Later,“new learning”even became synonymous with western knowledge.To take stock of this turnaround in the Chinese academichistory and examine this self-generated transformation within the Chinese academia and its interactions with those western knowledge that later swept across China is conducive for us to gauge the actual impacts of western knowledge on China and rethink the“Impact-Response”Model which tends to treat China and the west as a monolith respectively.