无法跨越的鸿沟:韩国影子教育发展历程、动因与治理

The Unbridgeable Gap:The History,Motivation and Governance of Shadow Education in ROK

韩国影子教育的市场规模大,学生参与度高,影响深远。韩国影子教育经历了萌芽期、全面禁止期以及合法化三个时期的发展。推动韩国影子教育发展的动因主要包括韩国考试文化、"中产焦虑"和韩国国民对基础教育的极度不信任。韩国教育行政部门在政策法律、教育系统内部以及社会文化等多个层面采取了相应的治理措施。经过四十多年的治理,韩国影子教育已经形成了相对完整和可靠的治理体系,并且呈现出正视影子教育价值,影子教育治理法规健全;影子教育治理主体相对多元,政府、学校、社会广泛参与影子教育治理;影子教育治理手段相对科学,他治与自治结合、公平与科学兼顾等特点。韩国中高收入家庭影子教育参与率逐渐降低,取得了一定成效。我国与韩国同处东亚文化圈,"学而优则仕"观念根深蒂固,无论影子教育一定程度上提高了学生的学习成绩,还是说影子教育本身只是一剂被家长和学生共同服下的"安慰剂",它都真实地存在于我们的教育体系当中,影响着基础教育与高等教育的有效衔接。通过梳理和分析韩国影子教育的发展趋势、成因及管理方式,在影子教育治理时正确认识新时期学校教育教学与社会发展之间的关系;协调好考试招生与影子教育发展之间的关系;处理好相关政策法规与影子教育市场监管之间的关系。

The market for shadow education in the Republic of Korea(ROK) is large,student participation is high,and the impact is far-reaching.Shadow education in ROK has gone through three periods of development:a nascent period,a complete ban,and legalization.The driving forces behind the development of shadow education in ROK include the Korean examination culture,"middle class anxiety",and a deep distrust of basic education among the Korean people.The Korean education administration has taken measures at various levels,including policy and law,within the education system,and social culture.After more than 40 years of governance,ROK has developed a relatively complete and reliable governance system to deal with shadow education,and the system has a positive regard for the value of shadow education,develops sound regulations on shadow education governance,involves diverse subjects into the shadow education governance with extensive participation of the government,schools,and society in shadow education governance,and develops relatively scientific strategies by combining other governance and self-governance,fairness and science.The participation rate of shadow education in middle and high-income families in ROK has been gradually reduced.Whether shadow education enhances students’ academic performance to a certain extent or whether it is just a "placebo" taken by parents and students,it exists in our education system and affects the effective connection between basic education and higher education.By analyzing the development trend,causes and governance of shadow education in ROK,we will properly understand the relationship between school education and social development in the new era,coordinate the relationship between examination and enrollment and the development of shadow education,and deal with the relationship between relevant policies and regulations and the regulation of the shadow education market.